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The Murder of Little Mary Phagan (2025 Edition) by Mary Phagan Kean

Important Book Launch: The Murder of Little Mary Phagan (2025 Edition) by Mary Phagan Kean Help preserve this important history...
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Friday, 30th April 1915: Parents Of Leo Frank Arrive In Atlanta To Aid Son, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Friday, 30th April 1915,PAGE 14, COLUMN 5.PARENTS OF LEO FRANK ARE NOW IN ATLANTAWill Aid Condemned Man's Attorneys...
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Tuesday, 27th April 1915: Daniel To Be Tried During The May Term, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Tuesday, 27th April 1915,PAGE 8, COLUMN 2.When Judge Ben H. Hill's Division of the Superior Court reconvenes May...
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Thursday, 22nd April 1915: Frank Asks Commutation Of Death Sentence To Life Term, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Thursday, 22nd April 1915,PAGE 1, COLUMN 4.PAGE 1, COLUMN 7CLEMENCY PLEA IS FILED WITH PARDON BOARD BY COUNSELBeaten...
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Wednesday, 21st April 1915: Frank Lawyers Work On Clemency Petition, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Wednesday, 21st April 1915,PAGE 1, COLUMN 6.Final Move to Save Condemned Man Discussed at Conference Tuesday NightPreparation of...
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Tuesday, 20th April 1915: Judge Roan’s Letter To Be Used In Frank Plea For Clemency, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Tuesday, 20th April 1915,PAGE 1, COLUMN 1.A letter from the late Judge L. S. Roan in which the...
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Monday, 19th April 1915: Frank Loses Appeal – Pardon Only Hope Defeated In Courts, Frank Counsel Plan Pardon Board Plea, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Monday, 19th April 1915,PAGE 1, COLUMN 5.Final Effort to Save Condemned Man's Life Will Be Made Before Prison...
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Wednesday, 14th April 1915: W.r. Corley Sells Booklets On Leo M. Frank And Detective Burns, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Wednesday, 14th April 1915,PAGE 14, COLUMN 2.PERSONAL: Read the booklet of rhymes on Leo M. Frank and Detective...
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Tuesday, 13th April 1915: Personal Read The Booklet Of Rhymes On Leo M. Frank, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Tuesday, 13th April 1915,PAGE 18, COLUMN 7.and Detective Burns, composed by W. R. Corley. Booklets ten cents each...
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Monday, 12th April 1915: No Decision Monday In Leo M. Frank Case, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Monday, 12th April 1915,PAGE 1, COLUMN 2.(By Associated Press.) WASHINGTON, April 12 " No decision in the Leo...
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Sunday, 11th April 1915: Old Hats Made New Mrs. C. H. Smith, The Atlanta Journal

The Atlanta Journal,Sunday, 11th April 1915,PAGE 3, COLUMN 6.Ladies', Misses' and Children's High-Grade Trimmed and Untrimmed Hats. YOUR OLD HATS...
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182 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:150 &X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Was it under an irresistible impulse that compelled him to search the pockets of the deceased, appropriate their contents, conceal the body, and take and carry away his horse, saddle, saddlebags, and watch? Was it under this same impulse that he changed his name, sold Gordon's horse to Gould, and fled to Dover?Why is it that we are left in the dark when the gentleman had the power to explain this extraordinary phenomenon of the human mind?It is now, gentlemen of the jury, two weeks since you were impaneled, and

181 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLThe opinion of Lord Denman, as cited in 1 Archbold's Criminal Practice, sections 12, 10, and 11, is recognized as law by our Supreme Court in the case of State v. Hutting, 21 Mo. Rep. 464. The question of incapacity to distinguish between right and wrong, and to choose between good and evil, is a fact that must be affirmatively established by the defendant. It must be established so as to leave no doubt in the minds of the jury; for the mere possibility that the defendant might be insane is no

180 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:148 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.The defense was based on the ground of absent witnesses by whom the defendant expected to prove that he was insane.I shall not contend that all of these tests are infallible, for doubtless some of them do occasionally fail, but as a guide in an inquiry of this kind, they are invaluable. When it can be shown, as in the case here, that the prisoner's conduct does not square with any of them, it is certainly very safe to conclude that he is not a fit subject for this defense.The

179 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 147I will comment upon this at considerable length and provide a variety of instances from which it appears that in nineteen out of twenty cases, the victim of the monomaniac is someone nearly related to them. The father destroys the son, the son the father, the mother her suckling babe, the brother the sister, and the sister the brother.The delusion is most apt to be connected with those who are in daily intercourse with them. The case of Greensmith, just referred to, is a striking example of this kind. Taylor cites

178 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:146 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.In cases of monomania, it is often observed that the individual acts without a clear motive, or if a motive is assigned, it is connected with their delusion.Numerous instances are given in which parents have murdered their children, despite being strongly attached to them. Nurses have destroyed children placed in their care, with whom a warm attachment had grown. Taylor relates the case of a man named Greensmith, who murdered four of his children. The motive assigned was that he was apprehensive they would be turned into the street. He

177 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORBRELL. 145He does or says nothing without reason. Prolonged disease and extreme old age contribute largely to this species of insanity. Ray says, "The mind passes gradually from its sound and natural condition to the enfeeblement and total extinction of its reflective powers." When we see a person greatly advanced in life, who has lost his recollections of persons, things, dates, and events, and who in his tone, conversation, and habits plays the part of a second childhood, we say he labors under dementia.Idiocy is characterized by the want of mental power,

176 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:144 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALSThe case involved the murder of one Chisuall. It appeared in evidence that the prisoner labored under the notion that the inhabitants of the town of Hadleigh, of whom Chisuall was one, were continually issuing warrants against him with the intent to deprive him of his liberty and life. He would frequently, under the same notion, abuse persons whom he met in the street and with whom he had never had any dealings or acquaintance of any kind. In his waistcoat pocket, a paper was found, headed "List of Hadleigh

175 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 143Mania is a form of insanity characterized by a general derangement of the mental faculties, accompanied by varying degrees of excitement, sometimes escalating to violent fury. It arises from a morbid affection of the brain and is distinguished from ordinary delirium, which typically results from bodily disease. In common parlance, a person suffering from mania is said to be mad; they lose all control over themselves and require close confinement to prevent them from inflicting injury upon themselves or others. In essence, they are entirely bereft of reason and therefore not

174 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:142 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.A medical expert who has treated epilepsy very frequently states that a long attack with short intervals will result in loss of memory and the power to reason, and the mind will gradually sink into imbecility and idiocy. He has known one instance in which the person had fits at intervals of one month, from early childhood to 25 years of age, without impairing the mind at all. He thinks it would require a duration of five years, with intervals of but a few days, to produce even imbecility.How absurd

173 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 141How admirably does the author's description of feigned epilepsy apply to the case of the prisoner at the bar. Has a single instance of personal injury been sustained in any of the attacks mentioned? Why is it that Dr. Bassett, who was physician to the jail five months after the defendant was confined there, and who saw him daily and attended him in a slight attack of intermittent fever, never discovered any symptoms of epilepsy? And yet, as soon as Dr. Bassett ceased to attend the jail, the prisoner had one

172 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:140 2. AMERICAN STATE TRIALSDr. Worrell reported that his son had another attack in the same year at Winchester, Kentucky. The doctor was stationed there temporarily as a teacher. His son slept with some young men of the town, one of whom called and told the doctor that his son was in a very bad way. The doctor only saw him as the spasm was passing off.The next and last attack referred to by his father prior to the homicide occurred at the house of a Mrs. Elsay in Baltimore, where the defendant was

171 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 139He found him in the condition stated by the aunt; he was raving and tearing and kicking up his heels, and looked wild and made strange gestures. They succeeded in getting him into the house, and some time after midnight he became pacified and fell into a sound sleep. The next morning he appeared as usual. The doctor does not pretend to say that it was an attack of epilepsy, but saw nothing of intoxication, and did not suspect anything of the kind.A parent is apt to be blind to the

170 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:138 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALSThe next proposition submitted by the counsel was that the mind of the prisoner had been seriously impaired by epilepsy.Epilepsy is a disease that manifests in various degrees. In its mild form, it has never been known to produce any visible effect on the mind and typically responds well to medical treatment. However, in its more severe stages, it can result in imbecility, fatuity, and sometimes insanity, though never the specific type of insanity relied upon as a defense in this case. The symptoms of the aggravated form are so

169 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 137Gentlemen, I am through with the depositions, though it will be necessary to call your attention to some parts of them upon other branches of the subject.I wish now, gentlemen of the jury, to call your attention for a moment to that part of Major Wright's argument, in which he undertook to show that insanity was hereditary in the family of the prisoner. Upon an issue of this kind, it is held competent to introduce evidence to show the existence of the malady with the parents of the accused, or that

168 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:136 X, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.James Dunn, in his deposition, has volunteered an opinion as to the insanity of the defendant. He met him in Baltimore in February last, in the office of Mr. Raisin, and conversed with him on the subject of Kansas and Nebraska affairs. The defendant, in the language of the witness, inflated himself with a considerable amount of gas and seemed much excited on the subject. If this is evidence of insanity, then the people of the United States have been unquestionably deranged ever since the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill.From

167 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 185A witness stated that he had frequently drunk with the prisoner in his room and had seen him in the saddle. What can be inferred from this, except the fact that his sickness and the delirium attending it grew out of excessive drinking? There is nothing in the evidence for the defense that furnishes us any other explanation of it.The deposition of George Urghart has been read. Although a physician occupying the same room with the defendant from February to July, 1855, he makes no allusion whatsoever to his mind but

166 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:184 AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.In a society where profanity is not considered a crime, I should suppose such scenes were quite common. Any person discovering a quarrel at his door would be likely to resort to harsh means to quell the disturbance. Mr. Cavendish also refers to the sickness of the prisoner, deposed to by Clark as having occurred in December 1855. Witness saw him in bed and says he seemed to him evidently out of his mind; he was pulling hair out of his head and had been very unwell for two or three

165 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 183The defendant approached the Secretary of War for his discharge. The witness told him that he thought it would be a hopeless undertaking, whereupon the defendant said, "that there was no use talking, he wished to God he had never been born, and that if he could not get out of the army honorably, he would not desert, but he would get himself out for good."Mr. Moore gives it as his opinion that the prisoner was laboring under strong mental derangement, and predicates the opinion upon the simple statement of the

164 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:132 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Sergeant Clark states that the duty of a sentinel is regulated by his orders, and that he will always permit one of his own regiment to pass, if satisfied of his honesty of purpose. Worrell well knew that he ran no risk in attempting to pass Messick.In following the line of argument pursued by the counsel, we are next brought to inquire if the depositions filed on behalf of the accused furnish any reliable material for this defense.There is no species of testimony so unsatisfactory as that of depositions, more

163 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 181Evidence had been found that the deceased's dental work, made by a dentist in Boston, was in the furnace; both of which helped to identify the body and connect the prisoner with the murder. Dr. Webster was a man of learning, a professor in a medical college, and his knowledge of chemistry gave him the power to destroy every vestige of the body in a few hours, so that the corpus delicti could never have been established. Yet he neglected to do it. He also volunteered statements to the brother of

162 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:130 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.I am not acquainted with either Wentz or Couzins. Wentz, it is true, consulted with one or two lawyers in Dover, but there is nothing to show that they communicated the fact to Worrell, and we are not to presume that they were treacherous to their client.The learned counsel thinks that if the prisoner were sane, he would not have acknowledged to Wentz and Couzins that the watch and saddlebags had belonged to Gordon; nor would he have stated to Sturgeon and Taylor that the deceased did not suffer after

161 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 1899It would convert the whole of New England into a lunatic asylum. I observe sitting on my left my old and much-esteemed friend, Major Robertson, with whom you are all well acquainted. How long do you suppose the Major could travel on a steamboat or in the cars without having something to say to at least three-fifths of the passengers? I am not certain, but it would seriously disturb the equilibrium of the Major's mind if he were not permitted to indulge in this social trait. Men in this particular are

160 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:128 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Louis; and while in Vincennes, he attended a ball. It occurs to me there is nothing remarkable in this. He knew that no suspicion of Gordon's fate would likely be entertained for some time to come, and moreover, if his conscience upbraided him for the act, he might obtain temporary relief by resorting to places of amusement. Dr. Webster, after the murder of Dr. Parkman, and while the city of Boston was in the highest state of excitement growing out of the supposed murder, attended a convivial party of ladies

159 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLOn the contrary, others considered him quite shrewd in a trade. Hutchinson saw nothing unusual in his conduct; he appeared perfectly rational and behaved as travelers usually do.Major Wright thinks that, upon the supposition that he killed Gordon, his conduct at the place of the homicide is wholly inexplicable. He believes a sane man would have concealed the body in the thicket. To my mind, however, it is perfectly consistent with reason and exhibits a degree of shrewdness and a knowledge of human nature that few men possess. It was necessary to

158 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:126 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Is there any other principle than that of alienation of mind? I gave the gentleman's argument my closest attention, and far from satisfying my mind of the truth of his proposition, he led me to the conclusion that the prisoner was a man of more decided intellect than I had attributed to him. The first act to which I shall call your attention relates to what transpired on the day of his desertion.As the first orderly-sergeant, it was his duty, and his alone, to detail every day a man to

157 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 125Where the office of the company is located, the prisoner might, and probably did, suppose that he had a large amount of money in his possession.I might also allude to the fact of his assuming different names, and his flight of a thousand miles from the scene of the murder, and other circumstances developed in the case; but the entire case furnishes so many evidences of express malice that I am not doing your intelligence justice in supposing that you can entertain the slightest doubt upon this point. The idea that

156 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:124 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.If a killing is premeditated, it constitutes murder in the first degree. For example, if one person, without uttering a word, strikes another on the head with an axe, this would be deemed premeditated violence under our law. It will constitute the offense if circumstances of willfulness and deliberation are proven, even if they arose and were generated at the time of the transaction. If the party killing had time to think and did intend to kill, whether for a moment, an hour, or a day, it is a deliberate,

155 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 123In the case of the State v. Bower, 5 Mo. 364, the defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree, with malice inferred from the character of the weapon and wound. The proof was in substance: On the night preceding the homicide, the prisoner and deceased stayed all night at the house of Mrs. Roussiere, two miles from the place where the murder occurred. They appeared friendly while there and left her house together the next morning on foot, still appearing friendly. The prisoner carried a large stick in his

154 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:122 XY. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.The Supreme Court of Missouri has stated the same principle in the cases of *State v. Dunn*, 18 Mo. 419, and *State v. Jennings*, 18 Mo. 435.Gentlemen of the jury, I will now call your attention to the several facts and circumstances that demonstrate the malice requisite to classify this case as murder in the first degree. First, consider the character of the wound. It is established in all legal texts that when a wound is inflicted with a deadly weapon or a weapon likely to produce death, and no

153 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 121If a private person endeavors to suppress an affray or apprehend a felon, and another person, knowing his authority or the intention with which he interposes, kills him, the law will imply malice. Similarly, if one shoots at A and misses him but kills B, the law implies malice, even though it is evident that he had no malice against B and did not intend to do him any bodily harm. Likewise, if one gives a woman with child a medicine to procure abortion, and it operates so violently as to

152 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:120 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.In its legal sense, the term "malice" signifies an evil design in general, a wicked and corrupt motive, an intention to do evil. Blackstone, in his Commentaries, states, "That it is the dictate of a wicked, depraved, and malignant heart." Russell, in his "Treatise on Crimes" (vol. 2, p. 482), explains, "It is not to be understood merely in the sense of a principle of malevolence to particulars, but as meaning that the fact has been attended with such circumstances as are the ordinary symptoms of a wicked, depraved, and

151 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 119In any arson, rape, robbery, burglary, or other felony, the first and second class express malice is essential and forms a necessary ingredient in the offense, while in the third class it is not supposed to exist. If A breaks into the store of B at night with no other intent than to appropriate to himself the goods of B, and B enters and discovers him in the act and attempts to do him bodily harm, and A, to protect himself, kills B, this is murder in the first degree because

150 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:118 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.When persons confederate and engage in a common design, the act of one is the act of all. If a blow is given, the blow of one is the blow of all. This law has been recognized by our Supreme Court on several occasions, and recently in the case of *State v. Jennings*, reported in 18 Mo. 435.January 31.Mr. Bay: At the adjournment of the court last evening, gentlemen of the jury, I had closed my remarks with respect to the first proposition contended for by the counsel for the

149 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLMurders are almost invariably committed under circumstances of secrecy. The murderer abides his time and goes forth in the dark hours of the night to do his bloody work. Conscious that no eye is upon him but the Almighty's, he strikes the fatal blow, and under the cover of darkness makes his escape. If he cannot be made to suffer the penalty of the law except upon the testimony of an eyewitness, the sooner your penal code is abolished the better, for then man will look to himself alone for protection and

148 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:116 X, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.It is not the case that jurors lie; however, witnesses may, and often do. The experience of mankind shows that jurors are often imposed upon by witnesses who testify under strong bias or prejudice, and by doing so give a coloring to the case which the facts do not warrant. This is particularly true when the testimony goes to the jury with an imperfect cross-examination. A juror cannot always know what is transpiring in the breast of a witness. A well-trained witness will sometimes testify as if he felt no

147 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 115The defense has attempted to discredit this type of evidence by parading before you the case of the servant girl who was executed in England for the murder of her mistress, when the homicide was, in fact, committed by another. He has also quoted one or two other cases in which innocent persons charged with the commission of high crimes have been convicted upon circumstantial evidence. These cases are mentioned in the books as having occurred at an early period and are as familiar to the law student as the story

146 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:114 X, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Mr. Morgan testified that on the 13th of January in St. Louis, he let Mr. Gordon have a chestnut sorrel horse to go up the line of the North Missouri railroad. The horse was fine-looking and had a knot under the jaw about where the curb would come. He also took with him a saddle and bridle belonging to Mr. Signer, which was in my possession. Prior to this, I had used the saddle, and on one occasion carried up on the pommel some iron hinges and tools which scratched

145 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLEdward D. Worrell remained until the 6th, when he left by train for the East. Bruff left two days earlier. They brought three horses with them: two bays and a chestnut sorrel. The sorrel had a knot under its jaw. The prisoner sold the sorrel horse, along with a saddle and bridle, to my father. The saddle was a plain black one, with the pommel showing signs of wear. Mr. Morgan and Mr. Signer came to Vincennes from St. Louis and wanted to see the horse, saddle, and bridle, and we showed

144 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:112 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.I would like to know if he suffered after he was shot. The prisoner replied, hanging his head, "He did not." Several days after this, I again saw the prisoner in jail; I told him that Mr. Gordon was a particular friend of mine and a co-laborer on the railroad, and I wanted to know if he suffered any after he was shot. He replied, "I can assure you, sir, he did not."Martin McMahon states that in January 1856, he was boarding at Christian Way's tavern in St. Charles. About

143 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, IIIThey recognized me. The prisoner inquired about my family and the condition of the road. The body of Gordon was found two and one-half miles east of my house.I would here remark, gentlemen of the jury, that Gordon was never seen alive after he left Hutchinson's house.Mr. Pace, the witness to whose testimony I have already referred, says that about five miles east of the place where the body of Gordon was found, the prisoner and Bruff overtook and passed him. Gordon was not with them. Bruff was leading a horse

142 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:110 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.A witness testified that he was about two miles east of Ferguson, in company with two other men, all riding horseback, one of whom was Braff. The witness was on his way to St. Louis with Mr. Hervey. This was around 2 o'clock in the afternoon. The witness remained overnight at Warrenton, got an early start the next morning, and as he passed Hutchinson's, he saw Worrell sitting on the steps. Worrell called out to the witness and said, "You have got an early start." The witness recognizes the prisoner

141 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 109We were surprised to find that Gordon had not arrived. Several days elapsed, and we began to apprehend that something had happened to him. Walker learned from a Mr. McDonald, a railroad contractor, that Gordon had been seen on the 24th on the Boonslick road by a Mr. Ferguson, in company with two men, all on horseback. Walker started the next morning on the locomotive for St. Charles, having directed McDonald to go up on the Pacific road and return by way of the Boonslick road, and ascertain if possible where

140 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:108 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.The defense argues the following points:1. That Worrell cannot be convicted of murder in the first degree because he is not charged with committing a felony in the indictment.2. That there is no evidence of express malice, which is essential to constitute murder in the first degree.3. That even if Worrell committed the offense charged in the indictment, he was at the time laboring under mental alienation, or that condition of mind called homicidal monomania, complicated with epilepsy.I shall endeavor in my argument to follow the path the learned counsel

139 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLThe limits of the circuit, and some few beyond the limits of the state, have been considered in this case. To have imposed the preparation of the case upon the circuit attorney would necessarily have required him to traverse the whole country in search of testimony, at a heavy expense without any legal claim for reimbursement, and to the entire neglect of those duties which more legitimately belong to his office. But independently of all this, no injury is likely to result to the prisoner from the fact that General Coalter and

138 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:106 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALSIf the answer should be "alive," the intent was to crush its life out; if "dead," to open his palm and give the captive liberty. The difference in these cases is stark: the life of the bird hung upon the caprice of a mischievous youth, while that of the prisoner hangs upon the judgment of his peers, sitting to administer the humane and merciful spirit of our law. You will bear me witness that the defense has, in its entire scope, addressed your intelligence and reason only. It has never

137 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 105It shocks the moral sense to assert it as a rule of judgment: "Murder must be committed by a sane person." The law has shifted the onus to presume sanity, but it is only a presumption—an arbitrary, artificial presumption—liable to be repelled by other presumptions. Whether balanced or completely overthrown by other presumptions, the affirmative rests on the State.There is said to be a presumption of law that one in possession of recently stolen property is the thief, but that presumption may be balanced or repelled by proof of good character,

136 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:104 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.The witnesses speak for themselves. There is a power in their presence and mode of testifying which drew from the circuit attorney the exclamation: "I believe every word they say!" But we can't educate away disease and misfortune. His epileptic disorder came upon him at seventeen, and his irresistible impulses evinced themselves earlier. But, neither singly, nor both together, have they been able to prevent the growth of high aspirations, kindness of nature, gentleness of disposition, integrity of soul, and honesty of purpose."Why did not," exclaims the circuit attorney, "why

135 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORBELLIn the case of Edward D. Worbell, the poor prisoner had no superior. What is insanity but the sudden and prolonged departure from the normal standard of character, without any known external cause?In 1853, Worrell entered the office of Attorney Morris, near Fort Leavenworth, to procure the aid of that gentleman in obtaining his honorable discharge from the army. He had a cause which, if presented, would have procured his discharge at once, but he concealed it; he never hinted at it; he pressed his case upon other and untenable grounds. If

134 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:102 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.You see him without a cause, and with a frantic look scattering a frightened multitude. You see him passing, after night, a sentinel whose duty compelled him to shoot. You see him the victim of insane impulses, which he has no power to resist. The prosecution is hard-pressed by these facts. Mr. Gale endeavors to explain the affair of the revolver by holding up Worrell as such a strict disciplinarian that, for mere loud talk in open day, he would kill soldiers and citizens! The argument is a suicide in

133 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 101.The conduct of the prisoner there is worthy of particular observation, and so do I; but we draw opposite conclusions from the same premises. As soon as the travelers enter the house of Hutchinson, Worrell pulls out his pistol, loads it in the presence of all, and lays it on the mantelpiece in full view, conversing the while with Gordon, who sits by his side. Is that the action of a sane man while meditating murder in the presence of his victim? Is it the conduct of one who responsibly conceives

132 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:4100 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS."The blood of Gordon on his soul," he could sit in a theater, finding an interest in its mimetic scenes. He is horrified that Gordon's specter had not the power to drive him from the ballroom. Let him look to the records of insanity found in these books, and the marvel will cease. These facts, which so startle him, are the very marks of that insanity which shows no appreciable lesion of the mental faculties, in which the victim of the disease "never says a foolish thing, but exhibits his

131 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLWhen left to himself, you do not find Edward D. Worrell acting under an alias. He is always conspicuously Worrell, without any other name. However, little significance can be attached to this fact if it were otherwise. The moment you assign a motive, a rational motive, to the change of name, you demonstrate the insanity of his actions through a series of acts that are irreconcilable with that motive.Did he change his name to avoid detection? If so, then why wear seven rings on his fingers? Why wear Gordon's watch? Why keep

130 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:98 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.McKee was told, "Well, he did!" He went to both Dovers, but wherever he went, he wore the cap and military pants, Gordon's watch with the watch paper in it, Gordon's saddlebags, and the one boot with the identifying patch. He first visited his friends and relatives in Maryland. They had no suspicion of crime, but his strange actions and curious conduct proclaimed his mental disorder, as detailed in the depositions from Maryland. Eventually, he arrived in Dover, Delaware, where his parents resided. He stayed at a conspicuous hotel, visited

129 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLEdward D. Worrell, with his remarkable beard, his remarkable military pants, his military cap, and the not-so-remarkable saddlebags of Gordon, keeps his company without change until he reaches Pittsburgh. There, McGee induces him to have his mustache taken off, and the change wrought is so great that he is not recognized by a gentleman who had traveled on the cars with him from Vincennes. "You have the advantage of me," said the gentleman, "I do not know you." "I am Worrell, do you not know me? This is the difference"—pointing to the

128 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:96 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.He has gotten him; promenades the town with the landlord; visits often the depot of the trains from St. Louis, and attends a ball held in that depot! He talks freely of Western affairs, showing an intimate acquaintance with the troubles of Kansas. He makes known his purpose to go East, changes his dress to the genteel costume of a gentleman at a party, and when it is over, resumes the apparel of the homicide. His extraordinary beard is still worn. The large fur gloves of Gordon he exchanges with

127 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLEdward D. Worrell's identity was established by a combination of distinctive features, or "remarkables." These included a notable lump, wen, or knot under his chin that caught the attention of even the most careless observer. Other distinguishing marks were a remarkable star on his forehead, a peculiar snip on his nose, and a singular growth of gray hair at the root of his tail, all set against the uncommonly beautiful and perfect chestnut color of his skin.Riding such a horse, equipped with a fine saddle and holding the reins of a beautiful

126 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:94 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Worrell's manner of travel was no match for the cunning of an old and skillful detective, who could not be kept from the prisoner's track for long.The circuit attorney was embarrassed by the first step after the homicide. He initially thought the body was hidden in "a strange place," but upon mature reflection, he concluded that it was the best hiding spot. The reason he gave was that no sane man would ever think of looking for it in such a place! For this happy suggestion, he is perhaps indebted,

125 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 93Do not heed the counsel that is at odds with the letter and spirit of our laws, as you value all that men should hold dear.In my opening statement, I mentioned that the apparent motive for the homicide, furnished by the appropriation of the deceased's property, could not be disregarded in determining the state of mind of the prisoner. Sane men act from motive, and as sane men do, unhappily, find in property a motive to crime, such motive is held to be presumptive evidence of sanity. However, it is not

124 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:92 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALSThe central question we must consider is, "Was Worrell a responsible being at the time of the homicide?"I have already admitted the difficulty that confronts me at this point. Even if the prejudice invoked by the opening speech of the prosecution did not arise at the call, or if it did arise but has since perished from your minds under the force of a higher sense of justice, I am still met with difficulty in the investigation.The form of mania I have to address, though complicated, is not the vulgar

123 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 91It is difficult to understand the erring reason of a juror as he is passing from the known to the unknown. When you attempt to place yourself in the position of my supposed spectator of the scene, and from your seats here undertake to see the transaction by the eye of Teagon, with the utmost respect for each, I must say that the chances are a thousand to one that you will blunder at every step.On the supposition that Worrell is responsible for his acts, the circumstantial evidence certainly proves a

122 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:90 XY. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.In a case where the government itself fails in the end and object for which it alone was created, it is the "immedicable vulnus" of a State.You will remember, jurors, that the law does not require proof of these hypotheses. On the contrary, the law depends upon the principle that they must be excluded, excluded to a moral certainty by proof. They furnish a defense upon the bare suggestion of them, by showing that the evidence, the circumstantial evidence, of the State does not come up to the standard of

121 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 89Are you going to hang a man based on your best solution? That is precisely what was done by the jury who murdered the innocent girl; by Jacob; by every jury and every man that ever erred, fatally erred, on circumstantial evidence. It is this best, this plausible hypothesis that ever seduces and leads astray. I deny your power! The law is against it. The law will not act on the best, but the only hypothesis, if there be a "worst," "better," or "best," the law will not choose between them.

120 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:88 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Now, jurors, let us inquire if every possible hypothesis but the one sought to be proved is satisfactorily negated in this case. Gordon died from a single gunshot wound in the head; it was in the back part of the head. If the location of the wound excludes the hypothesis of suicide, the wound itself excludes the hypothesis of two actors. There was but one shot; that shot might have been accidental. There may have been no intention to kill by the person who shot at the time of the

119 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 87Was it "without doubt rent in pieces"? The coat was Joseph's, but all that followed was an error made up of one false act and false reasoning from the known to the unknown. The blood was the blood of a kid, not that of his child; there was no evil beast; Joseph was not rent in pieces, but in full life, on his way to the court of Pharaoh and the house of Potiphar, to act an important part in Jewish and Egyptian history.The reasoning of the patriarch was quite up

118 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:86 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.The fate of the unfortunate girl encapsulates the entire narrative. If we fail to learn from it, the lessons of broader experience would be futile. Had the advocate in her case assumed the actual truth of the events, would he have been listened to? Would his suggestion not have been dismissed with a sneer from the prosecution, or negated with the simple retort: "This is far-fetched"? Would the jury have abandoned the lie that seemed so plausible for the truth that appeared so improbable? The law instructed them to relinquish

117 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 85It was hypothesized that she was guilty, but her guilt was not excluded. However, it never occurred to him to suggest to the jury that, as the house in which the woman was murdered stood upon an alley, on the opposite side of which was another house, also of two stories, it was possible that the murderer entered the opposite building, hoisted a window facing the alley, extended a plank to the sill of the window of the upper story of that in which the mistress was sleeping, walked across on

116 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:84 & AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Gentlemen! Peer with the eyes of the mind through the infinitely possible combinations of circumstances, and group together facts in such a way as to save her. She is innocent! She has shed no blood! She was asleep when the deed was done! Her mistress died by the hands of others! I say others—and the innocent slumberer did not learn of the tragedy until hours after her mistress was in heaven or hell! Oh! Can you not see it? Reason out her innocence! Summon your imagination to the help of

115 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 8&3It is our duty to search diligently, anxiously, and honestly. If you reason badly, it is fatal. If you do not imagine well, it is fatal; and yet, circumstantial evidence is lauded as the guide of safety in the most awful of human inquiries!Jurors, consider the mass of victims sent to the scaffold by circumstantial evidence. I have neither the time nor the strength—and I may add, the patience—to wade through the melancholy records. Let me present to you the case of a poor girl in England, slaughtered, judicially slaughtered, though

114 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:82 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.The critical issue at hand is not merely the presence of a hypothesis but whether every other hypothesis is excluded to a moral certainty. That is the question! That is the question! And the enlightened conscience of every juror must answer it as he would if the life of his own child depended on the answer.How are you to answer it, gentlemen? The "how" reveals the incurable defect, the inherent vice of circumstantial evidence. You are tasked with reasoning out an unknown transaction; you must discern by the mind's eye

113 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 81Can you answer this question: If you answer (as the prosecution has asserted by indictment and by speech) that one of the two, Braff or Worrell, killed him, the answer shows that the evidence is inconclusive; upon such an answer, you cannot convict either. You perceive that the evidence must go another step further to enable you to think of condemnation. What is that step? The evidence must satisfy you beyond all reasonable doubt that Gordon was killed by one of the two, and that the other knew before the killing

112 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:80 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS."Circumstantial evidence should to a moral certainty exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be proved." (1 Starkie 511, 512.) Lastly, "Circumstantial evidence ought in no case to be relied on, where direct and positive testimony is within the power of the prosecution." (1 Starkie 513.)Jurors, help me to try the circumstantial evidence in this case by the tests of the law thus laid down. You perceive without any labor of thought that evidence which satisfactorily and certainly proves that one of three persons, A, B, and C, did

111 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 79It is essential to be reasonable. Thus, this inference of the witness is made the starting point in the process of reasoning by the juror; and if wrong, in fact, secures error throughout the process of induction.A Dutch ambassador told the King of Siam that in his country, the water was so hard in cold weather that it would bear an elephant if he were there. The king replied, "Hitherto I have believed the strange things you have told me, because I looked upon you as a sober, fair man, but

110 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:78 X, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.This is not a fact guessed at by you, or inferred, implied, or presumed by the law in the absence of knowledge. Can it be found in the evidence you have heard? The evidence is purely circumstantial. The State has not been able to introduce any positive testimony; not the least. There is nothing to guide you but circumstances, and therefore I have something to say about the nature and quality of that kind of evidence, and what it must be to warrant conviction.That such evidence has been treacherous, all

109 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 17The prosecution is moved to the law only by the point of the bayonet, and it will not budge an inch further than the practical puncture of the instrument forces it. "Implied malice," says Mr. Gale, "only makes murder in the second degree; the State must prove something more than that the killing was unlawful, to make the crime murder in the first degree.""Something more" must be proved! What is it? What is that "something more," Mr. Gale? In all his speech, he refused to tell you! Up to this period,

108 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:76 &X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.You will no longer have to wait. I cannot anticipate Major Wright's defense. He will be elaborate and entertaining; he will read many cases. If he satisfies you that the prisoner was insane at the time of the killing, acquit him. Otherwise, you must find him guilty of murder in the first degree.MR. WRIGHT, FOR THE DEFENSEMr. Wright: Gentlemen of the jury, you must pardon me if I notice for a moment the extravagant eulogies lavished on me by the gentlemen of the prosecution. This sorcery which they impute to

107 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORPELLThe defense has taken a wide range, to which we have interposed no objection, beginning as far back as 1831. We have, on the part of the State, come up step by step, day to day, month to month, to the fatal January of 1856. The defendant's counsel tried to excite your sensibility on account of the remarks of Mr. Coalter upon the amiable character of Mr. Gordon. Would not the defense have promptly shown it if Gordon had been a rash, impulsive, and violent man? Would it not have been a

106 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:74 YY. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.To establish murder in the first degree, the prosecution must prove deliberation and premeditation, which together form the legal definition of malice: the concurrence of these states of mind and intention. Upon hearing this, I assume your minds are prepared to analyze this case. If you find there was express malice, you must find the prisoner guilty of murder in the first degree. If express malice is not clearly proven to your satisfaction, you must find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree. The defendant's counsel read to

105 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLWe have all read lately of Huntington in New York, a wealthy nabob who had been practicing forgery for years. He set up insanity as his defense. Who is to judge this but the jury? Judge Coalter only stated to you what is true: that you are the judges of whether the defendant is insane or not. The defendant is charged with the murder of Basil H. Gordon. To this charge, a double defense is presented:1. The killing of Gordon by the defendant is denied.2. He is an irresponsible being and therefore

104 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:American State TrialsMr. Gale, for the StateMr. Gale: Gentlemen of the jury, it becomes necessary for me, as the circuit attorney of this district, to address you in this important case. After the length of time you have been compelled to listen to the protracted details presented here, the calmness of your countenances shows me that you are prepared to do justice to the State on one side, and to the prisoner at the bar on the other. I implore you, gentlemen, to set aside all external influences and approach this as a new

103 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL71I came back that night. I had no long or continuous conversation with Worrell while he was there. I don’t profess to be a good judge of insanity, but I know it when I see it plainly. I saw no effort on his part to conceal himself. It was very cold, and the persons in the house remained pretty much around the fire. Worrell did not stay in his room at any time except while sleeping. There was no fire in his room.S. H. GouldIn January 1856, I kept a tavern with

102 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:70AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.I met with Worrell again in St. Louis and had a conversation with him. He recognized me and recalled the horse trade. I asked him if he did not think he should pay me my money back. He replied that he did not have my money, but he would make it right with me. I told him that by describing the horse, the man had proven to my satisfaction that he owned the horse. Worrell assured me that I would not lose anything by it; he would make arrangements for me to

101 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL69A person afflicted in such a manner should not be continued in such an office. If the recruiting officer did his duty, a person so afflicted could not be enlisted.**Charles T. Clark.** I reside at Fort Leavenworth and am a quartermaster sergeant in the U.S. Army. I know the prisoner and knew him at Fort Leavenworth. He deserted on the evening of January 7, 1856. A sergeant named Bruff from Company I also deserted at the same time. Two horses were taken at the same time. I know the horse Worrell was

100 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:68AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Cross-examined: I have never seen epilepsy combined with the form of insanity known as irresistible impulse. There is a form of insanity known as homicidal mania, when a person, knowing right from wrong, has no power over the will. I have never known an epileptic to commit suicide. Epilepsy would not be more likely to produce a disturbance of intellect in later life if it began in early youth, unless the attacks were very frequent. It has, however, been known to be fatal in a few attacks. According to authorities on homicidal

099 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL87It is easy. If I understand the duties of a first sergeant, he could not be an imbecile, as I have defined it, without it having been found out.Mr. Wright: Suppose it was uncertain whether the man who appropriated the property had anything to do with the deed, that he fled and acted as no sane man would act, would render himself conspicuous everywhere, proclaimed his name, wore the apparel which would identify him when he had the means of changing, would not flee when pursued, volunteered to tell the property to

098 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALSThe mental symptoms were not changed materially after the paroxysm was over, in the cases which I have seen. Epilepsy is caused sometimes by mechanical violence, such as a stroke or blow on the head, and sometimes by grief, joy, fear, fright, or other emotions. All the passions, or most of them, may produce it. Some say that the brain of the subject will, on dissection, show traces of the disease, while many deny it. The disease is characterized by a disturbance of the mental faculties, which some say affects chiefly

097 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 65I would pat my hands over his eyelids, and it seemed to compose him. He would continually talk, call over the roll of soldiers, and almost invariably call constantly on Lieut. Clark and ask if his horse was ready for him to go to Leavenworth City. Sometimes he was apparently cheerful. The alternations from cheerfulness to depression were not founded on any causes I could account for; they were generally sudden. From the latter part of September 1856, until we came up here, I have not witnessed less than 100 paroxysms.

096 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.He woke up. As far as I saw, his condition was the same after the paroxysm at Portsmouth as at Baltimore. I saw him again in the same condition at Claysville, Ky. The day of that fit, he was more excitable than I had ever known him. The fit was at night. There was no object more than usual to excite him. Generally, a word from me, or my hand on his shoulder, will control him. That day, I went to him several times and asked him what was the matter.

095 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 63The symptoms were violent and more frequent in the forenoon. Sometimes they would begin with drowsiness. He became restless if things did not go right. He would then have a peculiar look in his eye, and then he would faint away. His pulse would flutter and then intermit. I sometimes thought he was going to die. All of a sudden, he would have a most violent spasm, and I thought he would break every bone in his body. His eyes afterwards would become fixed and glazed like the eyes of a

094 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Edward's normal condition was at Portsmouth, Ohio, at Eldon & Barra's store in the beginning of 1850. I don’t know if he had any fits at Cumberland. While there, he dashed out with only one or three dollars in his pocket to walk to California, determined never to stop until he got there. He broke away from us, and we knew nothing until a friend told us the next day. When he got to Pittsburgh, he wrote for money; received it; came back to Cumberland; then went to Portsmouth. One evening,

093 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 61I don’t recollect all the persons who were present at the time of his illness in the orderly room. A short time after the doctor gave him medicine, he became calm. I don’t know what he gave him, nor do I know what caused it. I can’t swear it was not produced by liquor. I am not a physician and can’t swear anything about it. At the time of the controversy between the soldiers and citizens, Worrell said something, but I don’t recollect what. He was a very resolute man. I

092 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS60I am from Leavenworth and belong to the U.S. Army as a private. I knew Worrell from the time I met him at Columbus until he left Fort Leavenworth. He never drank to the point of intoxication. I don’t remember him being more quarrelsome than his duty required him to be. He was promoted as soon as he got to Fort Leavenworth. I went with him from Columbus to Fort Leavenworth in the summer of 1855. Since I first knew him until he left the army, I have known sudden changes

091 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLWe arrived in Baltimore on Sunday evening. Worrell stopped at Mrs. Elzie’s on Second Street, between Gay and South streets, a private boarding house. He told me he had formerly boarded there. The next morning, I met him on Baltimore Street with a friend. I introduced the prisoner as Mr. Worrell and told him we were going to have a glass of ale, inviting him to join us, which he declined. The only liquor I saw him drink during the entire trip was a glass of ale in Pittsburgh. I next saw

090 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:58X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.George Urghart: I had some personal acquaintance in 1855 with Worrell; I boarded in the same house with him and his father and mother. He occupied part of my dental office and was constantly there during office hours, and paid every attention to his business. His manners and conduct in his profession exhibited skill. I had full confidence in Worrell, who often acted as my agent in collecting money. Worrell was frank and polite. He was an attendant on religious services, and I have no knowledge of his ever resorting to

089 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL57I knew several individuals attached to his family who were crazy. I have known his father to be a very eccentric man. It has been commonly understood in the neighborhood that Mr. Worrell attempted to commit suicide. He was at times so changeable that he shifted his focus from the study of divinity under Bishop Kent of Indiana to medicine, and from one profession to another without any apparent reason. I have heard from common reports that his grandmother was eccentric on the subject of nicety. I have known several relatives of

088 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.There was no picture there. He was working his fingers without any apparent object, and soon commenced pulling the hair out of his head. His eyes were wandering, and he seemed to me evidently to be out of his right mind. He had only been sick for two or three days. On the only two occasions on which I saw him in this condition, I was a member of the same company. He often showed me his private correspondence; frequently showed me letters from his relatives and from a young lady,

087 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:Edward D. WorrellI first met Edward D. Worrell in Boone County, Missouri, in the spring of 1855. He told me he was a private in Company B, Dragoons of the U.S. Army. He desired me to make an application to the Secretary of War for his discharge from the army. He appeared to be in trouble and expressed himself in very singular language, so much so that I thought he was laboring under strong mental derangement. I have seen him several times since. When not depressed in mind, he was a very sociable and

086 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:54X, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.The only fact in the case that bears any force against the defense of insanity is the appropriation of Gordon's property. I will not omit the topic of motive when I come to the argument of the case.THE WITNESSES FOR THE DEFENSE.**Hartford T. Clark:** I have known the defendant since September 1852, when he enlisted in the United States Army. I first saw him at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. He was then a member of B Company, First Dragoons. He left the army in New Mexico, discharged by order from the Secretary

085 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 53The kind and gentle do not in a day grow hungry for blood. Such violent and sudden antagonisms are the surest evidence of mental disease. The law of evidence permitting proof of good character in criminal cases is founded upon this philosophy of man's nature, and it is a true philosophy. It is introduced as proof that the crime was not committed, not to excuse it. If piety, honesty, and gentleness may perish or turn to their opposites in a moment, if they cannot furnish any resistance to the influence of

084 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:52 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.A few diligently conceal it, or if they avoid it, declare their murderous designs and form diverse schemes for putting them in execution, testifying no sentiment of remorse.The most of them, having gratified their propensity to kill, voluntarily confess the act and quietly give themselves up to the proper authorities. A very few only, and these to an intelligent observer, show the strongest indications of insanity, fly, and persist in denying the act.While the criminal act itself is in some instances the only indication of insanity, the individual appearing rational

083 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 51After the close of the evidence, I will refer you to many authors. At present, I read to you from Ray's Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity, section 381:"To determine exactly the mental condition of an epileptic at the moment of committing a criminal act is often a difficult task. It may have taken place in the absence of any observer, in a fit of fury that rapidly passed away, and which perhaps may not have followed any previous paroxysm; or the accused, though subject to the disease, may not have recently suffered

082 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:50 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.This aspect of it necessarily creates the difficulty of the investigation. How shall we distinguish between crime and insane impulse? May we not mistake one for the other? Is there not danger that a mistake may be of grave consequence, on the one hand to give impunity to guilt, on the other to put to death the innocent? Yes! There is difficulty, there is danger, a mistake is easy; we may confound two things as opposite as heaven and hell. Acting upon the error, you may bring a result which

081 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 49You have been led to believe that no difficulty can attend the investigation of either subject, that your pathway in both will be as "easy as the road to a mill," and that you may therefore dismiss from your minds all anxiety, all perturbation, all solicitude, touching the rightful exercise of the power of life or death, now committed to your hands. I must say, as respectfully as I know how to utter the words, this is "bad advice." To yield to it is at once a crime in morals and

080 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:48 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS,Gentlemen, the legal test of insanity laid down by the prosecution is not law. Our own Supreme Court has repudiated it in the case of Baldwin. Knowledge of right and wrong is possessed by both the sane and the insane. I grant that for several hundred years, it was the only test for the common law. The obstinate ignorance of the English Bench yielded to the genius of Erskine, what it denied to the experience of lunatic hospitals, and granted in Hadfield's case the existence of insane delusion, under cautious

079 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. © 47The joint report of all the physicians concluded that the prisoner was certainly insane at the time of the killing.The case provided an excellent opportunity for the "looking" test of insanity. The counsel looked, but could not see it; the jury looked each day upon the prisoner, but could not see it; the judge looked, but could not see it. If sight alone had governed, the prisoner would have been hanged. And now, jurors, what did save that man's life? There was a judge presiding in the case and watching

078 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:46 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Anyone who has made advancements in the field of science cannot help but be impressed by the great truth that "man is wonderfully and fearfully made."Insanity can be detected by a mere look! However, there is feigned insanity, which can be so convincing that it often baffles even the most enlightened investigators. There is also concealed insanity, which can be so crafty and subtle that it deceives even the most experienced keepers and physicians of lunatic asylums when deciding on a patient's discharge. In other words, the insane patient is

077 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 45If there is one subject within the circle of disease that more than another tasks and taxes the human mind, it is the subject of insanity. This is the opinion of every author who has written upon it, of every medical jurisprudent, of every keeper of lunatic asylums, and of every man who professes to have learned by study anything of the manifestations or phenomena of mental disorder, without exception. Yet my friend exclaims, "Does not every person know an insane man when he sees him?"I wish it were so! I

076 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:44 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.You are to judge by intuition, not by reason. You are to cut yourself off from the influence of all knowledge gained by others after long study and painful examination of the human mind in ruins, and trust to instinct. Your own unenlightened reason is not even to guide you. It is a question only of eyesight! As the afflicted were "to look on the golden image and live," so you are "to look and determine." This is simple and summary, and, one would suppose, final, too; for if error

075 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 43In the middle of the nineteenth century, a rampant guilt devised fraud of the gallows and the penitentiary!A man may smile at this folly as the senseless cry greets him on the street, or he reads it in the expression of thoughtless type, hastily put up to sustain a nine days' wonder. However, he may not smile if he sees this stupidity come into court decently dressed, and taking its seat on the bench, at the bar, or in the jury box.Silly individuals sometimes lift the same hue and cry against

074 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:42 & AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Was it that, inoculated with the virus of prejudice against the plea, you should look hatefully upon the proof of it? Or were you to be so blinded by this cataract of denunciation as not to see the defense at all?If juries have let some men escape under the plea of insanity, are you therefore to hang a madman as compensation to baffled justice? Are you to forget your oaths and stifle your consciences because other juries have been careless of legal obligation? "Attend to your own business" is a

073 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 41Appeal to hurtful prejudices. His work was but half done; it remains for him to shape the defense, and crush it in advance."I know," he exclaims, "there is not human power enough to deny the guilt of Worrell—it will not be denied; but the plea of insanity will be set up. Everything nowadays is insanity. Drunkenness is insanity; eccentricity is insanity; forgery is insanity. Huntingdon was insane. Insanity is the broad, common cloak spread to cover crime."Jurors, I am sorry to see a man of talents and high moral position, like

072 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:40 X, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.The speaker is reminiscent of Antony's oration over the dead body of Caesar, and he is fresh from the interview of Hamlet with the "buried majesty of Denmark." If his policy were like that of the artful Triumvir, who sought to inflame the rabble of Rome to avenge the death of his friend, or like that of the murdered father, who stirred a living son to vengeance, his words would be well matched to his purpose. But he is neither in Rome, moving a fickle populace to counter-revolution, nor in

071 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 89The vindication and the eulogy are both wrong—both hurtful—both illegal—both disturbing elements which the law carefully shuts out from the consideration of court and jury. I have no word to utter against the deceased—none. The law puts his character out of the reach of an assailant here—out of the reach of eulogy also. His character is not in issue in this cause. If that character was good, the law will not permit you to hear it, lest the memory of his virtues might awaken undue indignation; if bad, the proof of

070 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:38 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Indignation so deep and so universal was felt, and Providence supplied what indignation could not furnish.Thus, in limine, my friend would have your feelings prejudge the case. He would have you enlightened by the judgment—the foregone conclusion—of a "whole people," and awe you against any resistance to their decree. Into this sacred temple, whither Justice has retired, calmly, severely, and carefully to weigh, to deliberate, and to mature her even judgment, my friend madly rushes and flings the passions of a multitude into the scales.His classic memory alone ought to

069 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 37The power to take life is the most awful power a government possesses, and because of its gravity, its exercise demands the utmost caution. A government may take life, but it should be fatal to the peace of any tribunal of government to do so by crossing the line that marks the distribution of power. If the boundary is doubtful—if we are not certain of the legal territory on which we stand—humanity, the spirit of the law, and justice itself demand that the path of safety is to err humanely. We

068 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:36 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.In the presentation of facts, the circuit attorney frankly admitted to the court and jury that the offense would only be murder in the second degree. He relied upon the subsequent flight of Jackson (who did flee and was arrested some months later in Iowa), and a former grudge, as evidence to elevate the case to the grade of murder in the first degree. He put the case to the jury on the ground, frankly and properly conceded, that a killing, under unknown circumstances, was only murder in the second

067 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 35The responsibility lies upon others. It is a concept defined in the following words: "Express malice is when one, with a sedate, deliberate mind and formed design, kills another; this formed design is evidenced by external circumstances discovering that inward intention, such as lying in wait, antecedent menaces, former grudges, and concerted schemes to do him harm."Thus, jurors, you see what it is you have to find, and also what is the evidence of its existence. You have to find a fact—the condition or state of the mind at and before

066 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:384 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.We can't send him to the gallows upon it. It is a libel on our nature to presume without knowledge that every killing is with malice. Although man is capable of cold-blooded assassination, he naturally recoils from the deed; and for one murder done in cold blood, there are a hundred killings that result from misfortune, or great provocation, giving rise to sudden passion, or the instinct of self-preservation. If any presumption must be made by the law, the presumption should be more in harmony with reason and experience. But

065 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 33The concept of "malice implied" in law is a legal fiction—a presumption made in the absence of knowledge. It is a leap in the dark, a guilty guess as to how and why a killing took place, without knowing either the how or the why. It is an arbitrary fiat substituted for proof, demanding proof to overthrow it. It is a conclusion forced on the conscience of a juror, which he must take for truth and act on as truth until the accused, by evidence, shall establish it to be a

064 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:382 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS,A firm of pork packers at Washington, where one member of the firm makes a contract with you, binds every member of the firm because each member has made every other member an agent to act for him. Thus, the act of any one member becomes the act of all, and all are therefore responsible. That is partnership. And so there may be partnership in crime. If two men agree to commit murder, one to do the deed, and the other to stand by and help if need be, or

063 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WOREKELL, 31There is no proof establishing that he knew of the design prior to the act and participated in it. If he is a responsible being, the evidence establishes the offense of larceny. The appropriation of the horse was subsequent to the death. If he counseled Bruff to flee after the deed, or aided him in his escape feloniously, he might be held responsible as an accessory after the fact—but he is not charged with that offense. To make him responsible for the murder, one of two things must be made manifest

062 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:30 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.In the hierarchy of offenses, and among murders recognized by common law, as well as by the codes of Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and New Jersey, some are classified as manslaughter, while others are deemed excusable or justifiable homicide. The remainder constitutes murder in the second degree.You will notice from the reading that one class of murders is designated as murders in the first degree because they are committed in the attempt to perpetrate a felony. However, the defendant is not charged with such a murder; and not being charged, he cannot

061 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL. 29What may be considered murder in the second degree in other states may only be manslaughter, or justifiable or excusable homicide here. Amidst this confusion, one thing is certain: murder in the first degree—capital murder—cannot be made out of implied malice. Nothing but express malice, proven as a fact and found by the jury, can constitute capital murder in this state. I do not include in this proposition a class of murder in the first degree that is elevated to that degree by reason of being committed in the attempt to

060 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:28 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.In my defense, I submit that the proof has not established the proposition.The indictment contains two counts. On its face, a want of knowledge of who killed Gordon is manifest. Without knowledge, it is framed to meet contingencies. In the first count, it is charged that Worrell killed him—killed him with a pistol—and that Bruff was by, aiding and abetting only. No sooner has the pleader drawn the charge than he reverses the accusation, and declares in a second count that it was not Worrell who killed Gordon—that he was

059 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLThe purpose of this text is to address the case made by the prosecution and to outline the grounds of the defense.The defense will be presented under two general headings:I. I shall first consider, on the supposition that Worrell is to be treated as a responsible being—a rational creature, having control over his actions—a man, amenable to his Maker and to government, whether the State has proven the charges against him as they are set forth in the indictment. In Missouri, we have two kinds of murder—one takes life, the other only

058 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.We did not want them to see it. He then said he was very glad. He afterwards told me he had been expecting it. He seemed to go willingly. He could not do otherwise very well—a man had hold of each arm. He made no refusal to come willingly, except as I said before, he refused to have the handcuffs put on in the room. When we got down to the hand car, I did put the handcuffs on him. I told him I never traveled in custody of a prisoner

057 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL, 25We traced this description until we got to Pittsburgh, where we learned he had shaved. After this, the description was the same except for his beard.Captain J. E. D. CousinsI reside in St. Louis and am presently employed by insurance companies as an inspector of buildings. I have been in the police force for many years, serving as captain and in other offices. I saw the prisoner for the first time at Dover, Delaware, in a tavern there. Mr. Worrell came with me and one or two others to the railroad

056 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:24 X, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.On about the 26th of February last, around 11 o'clock, Couzins arrived about 8 o'clock in the evening. I had no warrant for his arrest and was not present when he was arrested. We first found his name at Crestline, on the Cleveland & Columbus Railroad, on a register. I was in Vincennes two or three times. In pursuit, I stopped at Gould's, and Couzins was along. We found a name on a register at Gould's, which Mr. Gould told us was registered by him. I don’t think it was

055 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL23**George A. Signer:** I know the horse and saddle which Mr. Gordon rode away last January. The horse was a chestnut sorrel. The saddle was mine. It was a black English tree saddle. I lent it to Gordon on January 12, 1856. Afterwards, I saw it at Vincennes, in the possession of Mr. Gould, sometime in February 1856.**Erasmus L. Wents:** I know Worrell. I saw him for the first time at Dover, in Delaware, in the street. The next day, I saw him again; he came in company with Capt. Couzins to

054 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALSWe purchased the horse, saddle, and bridle from Worrell after he sold him again. All three horses were sold in Vincennes. Worrell then left on the train for Terre Haute and Indianapolis. He sold two of the three horses, while Bruff sold one. I paid $65 for the horse, which was worth not much more at that time as it was quite jaded. If it had been in good order, it would have been worth $125, as horses were sold then. Worrell went by the name of H. C. Worrell and

053 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELL,21Hartwell Richards testified that he had seen the prisoner near the corner of Broadway and Mullanphy Street in St. Louis. Richards kept a boarding house and recalled that on about January 25th, 1856, Worrell came to his house between 11 and 12 o'clock and stayed until Sunday, approximately one day. Another man named Bruff was with him. Richards identified the prisoner as Worrell and confirmed he had seen Bruff as well. At Richards' house, Bruff went by the name Charles Strong, and Worrell used the name John Ross. Richards asked them their

052 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.I was in the wagon with Mr. Pace when we saw two men. I did not see them again until we reached Hickory Grove, about two miles from Mrs. Stevenson’s. At that point, there were only two men. One of them, whom I had seen before, was leading a horse without a saddle. I saw them again at the creek below Mr. Kenner’s, where their horses were drinking. The two men I saw the day before were accompanied by three horses.During cross-examination, Mr. Pace and I confirmed that we occupied the

051 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORKELLThe back part of the head is more fatal than the front. Suppose this wound did not touch the spine, which would produce death, but judging from the description, it severed a diverging nerve, which would also produce death.WILLIAM H. PACEI have seen the prisoner on the 24th of January last, at James Jones' place, on the Boonslick Road, ten miles west of Warrenton, in Montgomery County. Two other gentlemen were with him; I did not know them. The prisoner was one of them. They came in to pay their bill to

050 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALSI found him to be tolerably well, though he seemed low-spirited. I thought it best not to prolong the conversation, so I said to him, "Mr. Gordon was a co-laborer of mine on the railroad, and he was a near friend of mine; please state whether he suffered or not after he was shot?" His reply was in these very words: "I can assure you, sir, he did not suffer." I was not present at the finding of the body, but I arrived just afterwards, and before the coroner was called.

049 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLI was going east, towards him, and could have seen the body, if he had not been covered, at about 40 yards before you came to him.**Cross-examined:** If there had been no snow, the brush would not have hidden him. There must have been one or one and a half feet of snow that fell between the time he left my house and the time he was found. I never saw Gordon before, as I recollect. When I told Worrell about Dr. Watkins, Gordon, I think, said he had seen him, but

048 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:16XY. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.I saw Worrell's face, two and a half or three miles off. Since then, I have seen Worrell in St. Louis jail. I recognized him, and he recognized me. This was the first time I saw him after he left my house. When I entered the jail, two friends went in with me. I walked behind them; they went in first. Worrell was then in the large hall, not in the cell. I saw the catch of his eye. Worrell at once stepped around, shook hands with me, and said, "How

047 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLI saw a pony mare, a sorrel. "A man claimed the horse as stolen," (objected to and excluded by the court). I identify Bruff, who is now brought in.**Cross-examined:** I had never seen Worrell before that day. I saw him soon after his arrest in the St. Louis jail in a cell. Two cells were pointed out as containing them, but not discriminated. I have seen him about four times since I first saw him. I went to his cell about three times. I went to see him about the pony. The

046 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:14AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.At Grove Prairie, the nearest house west of it being Mrs. Stevenson’s, the feet of the corpse were lying nearly east, head west, and twirled over very much. I saw the body stripped and examined. There was a large cavity in his head, about as between my fingers. I did not examine the depth of the wound. The ball did not come through and through. The wound was evidently done by a leaden ball. The body was frozen and must have lain there eight or ten days, from appearances. It had not

045 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WOERRELLCaptain Couzins handed me this watch (here shown). Captain C. is a well-known police officer of St. Louis. I know this watch was Gordon's. Under a piece of black silk, there is secreted an old-fashioned watch paper having on it the name of Gordon's father, his mother's maiden name, and the date 1802. Gordon joined me in 1854, at my invitation, on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad of which I was chief engineer. Afterwards, I appointed him my principal assistant on the North Missouri Railroad. I had daily and hourly intercourse with

044 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALSWe had our daguerreotypes taken but left before the pictures were finished; and it was arranged that Gordon, on his return, should take one to Wentz's office at St. Charles, and Sheerbarth would take the other.We reached Huntsville, Randolph County, on the evening of Sunday, January 20. The next day, we left Huntsville. Mr. Gordon parted with us to go alone directly to St. Louis, while Mr. Sturgeon, myself, and Mr. Pratt continued on to Jefferson City. Mr. Sturgeon and I arrived in St. Louis on the evening of January 26.

043 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLEccentricity of conduct in any man's life can never be considered an excuse for willful crime. It never has been.But I deny that the prisoner is crazy. If at previous intervals he may have exhibited such symptoms, it has no application to this case. The hinge on which this question must turn is not as to—Counsel for the prisoner asks Mr. Coalter not to anticipate what defense is to be made, but simply to state the facts the State expects to prove.Mr. Coalter: I thought it fair—and in fact to the advantage

042 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:10 X, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.It is unnecessary to mention that each party is trying to convict the other. It would make no difference. Both are equally guilty. However, I know from depositions on file in this case that the main effort in the defense of this man will be to show that he is not responsible for his conduct due to insanity. After the evidence is presented to you, it will be a hopeless task to argue that the defendant did not commit the act charged against him. No human eloquence would suffice to

041 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLGentlemen, a bullet passed through the brain of the victim. The nature of that wound was such that he must have been summoned in an instant to eternity, without a moment's preparation. Every man, no matter how exalted, how pure, or how good, must have time, however short, to meet his God. We all must make our peace with Him. Mr. Gordon must have died in half a second. When the body was found, all inquiry as to his fate, of course, ended. Two men had been last seen in his company.

040 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:8 XY. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.At the time the act took place, and also prior to it, the murderer intended to commit the deed.I desire in this opening to be very brief, and therefore shall not dwell further upon mere definitions of law. This indictment contains two counts. The first charges the prisoner, Worrell, with being the principal who committed the act, and that Bruff was aiding and abetting therein. The second count charges Bruff as principal, and Worrell as accessory. It makes no difference which did it, if both aided and were present. In

039 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLThe jury members empaneled against him were: Joseph Woodruff (foreman), Thomas B. Renick, David M. Tyree, Burrell Roland, Reuben Bledsoe, Dorsey Waters, George Woodcock, Moses V. Kean, Jeremiah Pierce, William T. O. Dickinson, and Jeremiah H. Williams.MR. COALTER'S OPENING SPEECHMr. Coalter: Gentlemen of the jury, at the request of Mr. Gale, the prosecuting attorney of this circuit, I rise to address you with a few remarks. I do so at his request because of my earlier knowledge of this case, which involves a transaction in another county and has been brought here

038 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:6 X. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.January 20.Mr. Coalter asked for a continuance, which was refused. The following jurors were then selected, after Judge Stone had ruled that the opinion formed from rumor, in order to disqualify a juror, must be of such a fixed character as to enlist the feelings of the juror either for or against the prisoner and create, in the language of the statute, a bias or prejudice.---**Coalter, John D. (1818-1864).** Born in South Carolina, he came with his parents to Missouri when they settled in St. Charles County. He was sent

037 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLJanuary 19Today, the special term of the court opened for the trial of Edward D. Worrell, following a severance of the prisoners who had been jointly indicted. The prisoner was brought into court, attended by his father and mother. When called upon and the indictment read to him, he pleaded not guilty.D. Q. Gale, Circuit Attorney; John D. Coalter and W. V. N. Bay, for the State.Uriel Wright, for the Prisoner.The indictment alleges that Edward D. Worrell, along with William H. Bruff, feloniously, willfully, deliberately, and premeditatedly, and with malice aforethought, did

036 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:4 XZ, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.On May 6, the defendants appealed to the court for a change of venue on the grounds that "the inhabitants of this entire judicial circuit are so prejudiced against these defendants that a fair trial cannot be had in the same." This application was granted, and the indictments were transferred to the Franklin Circuit Court. The prisoners were delivered to the sheriff of Franklin County, and at the September term of the Franklin Circuit Court, the case was continued to a special term of the court to be held in

035 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:EDWARD D. WORRELLTHE TRIALIn the Circuit Court of Franklin County, Union, Missouri, January 1857.Hon. John H. Stone, Judge.Edward D. Worrell had, at the May Term of 1856 in the Circuit Court of Warren County, been indicted jointly with William H. Bruff for the murder of Basil H. Gordon.**Bibliography:** "The Law of Circumstantial Evidence and of Insanity. A Report in Full of the Trial of Edward D. Worrell, Indicted for the Murder of Basil H. Gordon, Held at the Court House in Union, Franklin County, Missouri, January 19, 1857. Reported by John Delafield, Esq. St.

034 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:2 X, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS.Upon arriving at the location, they discovered blood all over the mow, which continued to a ravine about fifteen feet from the road. There, they found Gordon's body, covered with brush and snow, with a hole through the head as if made by a large pistol ball. His pockets were turned inside out, and his watch and all his money were gone.Worrell had been seen in St. Charles leading a horse that resembled Gordon's. From there, he went to St. Louis, remaining there for three days and going to the

033 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:THE TRIAL OF EDWARD D. WORRELL FOR THE MURDER OF BASIL H. GORDON, UNION, MISSOURI, 1857THE NARRATIVEEdward D. Worrell was the only child of Dr. Edward Worrell of Dover, Delaware, a college president. He was well-educated and, after practicing dentistry for a while, enlisted in the army. In 1855, he was stationed at Fort Leavenworth as a sergeant. He deserted in company with William H. Braff of Macon, Georgia, in the early part of January 1856, and started east on horseback. While traveling through Warren County, Missouri, they fell in with Basil H. Gordon,

032 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:TABLE OF TRIALSPAGEThe Trial of Mrs. Herman H. Hirsch for Blackmail, Atlanta, Georgia, 1918666-688The Trial of Pedro Gibert, Bernardo De Soto, Francisco Ruiz, Nicola Costa, Antonio Ferrer, Manuel Boyga, Domingo De Guzman, Juan Antonio Portana, Manuel Castillo, Angel Garcia, Jose Velazquez, and Juan Montenegro for Piracy, Boston, Massachusetts, 1834699-773The Trial of Thomas Cooper for Seditious Libel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1800781-782The Trial of James Thomas Callender for Seditious Libel, Richmond, Virginia, 1800813-876Independence877-882---

031 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:TABLE OF TRIALSThe Trial of EDWARD D. WORRELL for the Murder of BASIL H. GORDON, Union, Missouri, 1857Pages 1-162The Trial of JOHN HODGES for Treason, Baltimore, Maryland, 1815Pages 163-181The Trial of LEO M. FRANK for the Murder of MARY PHAGAN, Atlanta, Georgia, 1913Pages 182-414The Trial of WILLIAM WEEMS and Seven other British Soldiers for the Murder of CRISPUS ATTUCKS, SAMUEL GRAY, SAMUEL MAVERICK, JAMES CALDWELL, and PATRICK CARR, Boston, Massachusetts, 1770Pages 415-508The Trial of CAPTAIN THOMAS PRESTON for the Murder of CRISPUS ATTUCKS and others, Boston, Massachusetts, 1770Pages 509-610The Trial of EDWARD MANWARING, JOHN

030 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENxxviMost of those who returned his scrutiny were complete strangers to him, for until the present term of the court, he had never set foot in Richmond. Doubtless, many of the spectators were prepared to find him a fiend in human shape. But though his expression was somewhat forbidding, his large, strong, clean-shaven face was not uncomely, and his giant frame suggested strength rather than brutality. Nevertheless, his small, snappy, shifty eyes had a dangerous glint, and there were ominous lines about the corners of his mouth, betraying possibilities of an

029 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENxxvThe case continued until nearly ten o'clock, when the attendees slowly moved towards the scene of action, and a few minutes later filled the courtroom to overflowing.At a table beside the judicial desk sat William Marshall, clerk of the court and brother of the future Chief Justice, and near him stood Mr. Nelson, the District Attorney, with David Robertson, the shorthand reporter, whose notes were to prove an invaluable exhibit in the subsequent impeachment of the judge. The attention of the audience, however, was mainly directed to the prisoner, his bondsman,

028 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:xxiv PREFACE TO VOLUME TENWith considerable education and experience, and ability as a lawyer, he had the majority of the attorneys who practiced before him at a distinct disadvantage. Those whom he could not unhorse with legal learning, he cowed and silenced with jocular or brutal tyranny, as best suited his humor. Perhaps his gravest offense was political activity, with which he never allowed his judicial duties to interfere. He had not been long upon the circuit before angry outcries were raised against his aggressive Federal partisanship. Opposition of this character, however, merely excited

027 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENxxiiiDespite the significance of the issues at stake, it was not these momentous matters that primarily attracted the attention of the legal profession. Instead, it was the personality of the judge who was set to preside over the case that drew the majority's interest. His Honor was likely the most violent, the most feared, and the most despised partisan ever to sit on the Federal bench.The following account pertains to Judge Samuel Chase:Samuel Chase's reputation was not solely built on his judicial role. In the turbulent times leading up to the

026 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:Preface to Volume TenThere is a striking picture of the personages—lawyers and judges—who clashed so strongly in the celebrated trial of James Thompson Callender (p. 813).It was a picturesque gathering of Virginians that awaited the opening of the United States Circuit Court on that summer morning. The ugly fashions of the French Revolution had not yet found much favor in the Old Dominion, and kneebreeches, low shoes, buckles, buttons, and queues tied with ribbons were still in vogue. Yet, it was not their dress but their faces and bearing that particularly distinguished these gentlemen

025 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TEN XXLJust as the principles of private law are to be found in the customs of their people, in the writings of their jurists, and in the decisions of their courts, so the unwritten international law is to be found in the customs of nations, in the works of international writers from Grotius down, and in the decisions of civil, criminal, and prize courts. And just as these principles have in the case of private law been written in statutes, so in the case of international law have they been embodied

024 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENTo be sublimely ignorant of what the great dramatist has written about the comparative value of one's purse and good name is to treat a blackmailer as a person to be dealt with most tenderly—witness the mild sentences given to Cook and Mrs. Hirsch. Our national legislature has made it even easier for this class of blackmailers by enacting a law, which, as construed by our highest Court, allows a notorious prostitute who induces a boy of 17 to pay her fare on a steamboat, railroad, or streetcar to pose in

023 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENxixThe learned gentleman who had previously argued that a whale could under no circumstances be classified as a fish was equally unsuccessful in his view that a negro might be the father of a white child.In sentencing Robert McConaghy to death (p. 601), the judge remarked that for barbarity, treachery, and depravity, McConaghy's cruelty and wickedness were unmatched by the pirates of the West Indies or the savages of the wilderness. On a summer day on a small farm in Pennsylvania, McConaghy murdered the entire Brown family, except for the husband

022 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENThere is no reason to doubt the general accuracy of the report, although some of the statements in it should be received with much allowance. The trial, as reported, gives evidence of great learning, research, and skill on the part of the prisoner's counsel, but some of the discussions which relate to mere questions of abstract law are here omitted.Judge Gerard, American Ambassador at Berlin from 1913 to 1917, is quoted as saying that it will be hard to find a punishment to fit the case of the Kaiser and his

021 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENxviiThe Leisler rebellion in New York (Jacob Leisler, p. 512) was the outgrowth of the anti-Catholic wave that swept over England and her colonies during the reign of James II. Leisler’s imagination greatly magnified the danger of a general religious war. He was no traitor to William of Orange; his effort was to hold the government for the Protestant cause. However, he possessed none of the qualities of a leader—a simple New York merchant, his education did not fit him for the trying emergencies in which he was placed. He was

020 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:xvi PREFACE TO VOLUME TENIn the foremost rank of the patriots of that day, some of their number covered their names with imperishable fame.That curious ancient privilege, viz.: benefit of clergy, of which the two soldiers (Kilroy and Montgomery) convicted of manslaughter had the advantage (p. 508), originated in a pious regard for the church. By this, the clergy of Catholic countries were either partially or wholly exempted from the jurisdiction of the ordinary legal tribunals. It extended in England only to the case of felony; and though it was intended to apply simply

019 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENxvThe soldiers were regarded with such abhorrence that they were only saved from summary punishment by the judicious efforts of the friends of law and order. The soldiers had a fair trial, the result of which has stood the test of time and the examination of impartial history.The result of the trial gained for the friends of freedom the respect of the world. No single occurrence did more to advance the cause of truth and just principles than what was denominated in the language of that day the Boston Massacre. It

018 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:xiv PREFACE TO VOLUME TENIn the town, doubly anxious for the cause of humanity, the citizens felt an earnest desire that justice should not fall victim in her own temple. Among these, John Adams and Josiah Quincy, Jr., deserve the most honorable mention. They sympathized deeply with the masses of their fellow citizens in their hatred of the instruments of their oppressors and in their detestation of the principles these oppressors had been sent to maintain. No men had more openly or pathetically appealed to their fellow citizens or had more studiously excited their

017 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:### PREFACE TO VOLUME TENxiiiAs might be expected, this tragedy stirred the whole people of Massachusetts, and above all, the inhabitants of Boston, to the highest pitch of rage and indignation. The populace breathed only vengeance. Even minds better instructed and of higher principles than the multitude, in the excitement of the moment, could not endure the doctrine that it was possible for an armed soldiery to fire upon and kill unarmed citizens and commit a crime less than murder. Political animosity and natural antipathy to troops stationed in the metropolis sharpened this vindictive

016 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:xii PREFACE TO VOLUME TENThe governor, however, did not set Frank free. He sentenced him to imprisonment for life. But if Frank murdered Mary Phagan, was there one extenuating reason why he should escape the gallows? The evidence shows none; his friends, his counsel, and he himself never suggested one. If, as may be the case, the Governor's intention was to keep him in prison until the public excitement had gone down and he could be safely released, then the state of Georgia was pledged to protect him against the mob. And when it

015 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENxiWhen will our appellate judges recognize that their duty is to do justice, not simply to see that the judicial machine is run according to rules? When will our tribunals arrive at that very different point of view of the English and Continental Courts? Not so long as in American courts, Procedure is King; for while the claims of this tyrant are respected, it matters not what may become of Justice.Frank now made his last appeal to the Governor of the state, in whom is vested the ancient prerogative of the

014 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENJust think of this, O! shades of Bentham and Brougham, who more than half a century ago helped to wipe out these absurdities from the old English Procedure. This procedure, the work of churchmen in the middle ages, had lived into the nineteenth century. Is there any other part of the civilized or uncivilized world where such things as Courts of Justice are known, that such a condition of things exists, outside of some of the American states? A man's life or liberty, the question of his guilt or innocence, depend

013 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENixThe question arose as to whether the judicial machinery had been run properly, whether any inadmissible evidence had been admitted, and whether the jury had heard the cheers given to the prosecuting attorney by the crowd in the streets, among other concerns. Finally, when the prisoner's lawyers were able to bring the case before the most august tribunal in the world—the Supreme Court of the United States—that great Court entirely forgot the vital question of the prisoner's guilt. Instead, the energy of its nine justices was expended on the question of

012 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:viii PREFACE TO VOLUME TENCrime had been committed, and the public was anxious to punish the criminal. Twelve men were chosen to try the issue of Frank's guilt. They were ordinary men—shopkeepers and clerks—without any special education to fit them to follow logically the arguments for and against, and with no training at all in weighing evidence. After listening to the witnesses and the speeches of counsel for many days, and aware every moment, from the conduct of the audience in the courtroom, that local opinion was practically unanimous against Frank, the jury found

011 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:### PREFACE TO VOLUME TENviiOutside meddling only served to increase their determination that Frank should suffer death.Here, justice received its first wound. Every civilized nation has determined that the guilt or innocence of one accused of a crime, and the punishment to be meted out to the criminal, shall be decided by regular Courts of Justice. These courts are presided over by trained jurists, assisted in most cases by twelve laymen—called a jury. This system is the best that civilization has been able to evolve so far. These tribunals may sometimes err, whereby innocent

010 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:PREFACE TO VOLUME TENHas the art of public speaking in the courtroom, which so captivated the public a generation ago, been lost? It might be worthwhile for a student in our newly-founded schools of journalism to investigate this question and provide an explanation for why courtroom oratory is now largely overlooked by the press in the United States.When John Hodges (p. 163) was indicted for treason in 1815, he discovered that the presiding judge, Mr. Justice Duvall of the Supreme Court of the United States, considered the phrase "giving aid and comfort to the

009 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:### PREFACE TO VOLUME TENThe trial of Edward D. Worrell, detailed on page 1, is notable for its striking and interesting features. However, it is the compelling speeches to the jury by Wright and Bay that justify dedicating over 150 pages of this volume to the case. This raises the question: why are speeches to the jury in significant criminal trials no longer given space in the columns of our daily newspapers or preserved for the public in some permanent form immediately after delivery?In the past, when luminaries such as Rufus Choate or Daniel

005 Page – American State Trials 1918 Volume X Leo Frank Document

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Here is the translated text as follows:AMERICAN STATE TRIALSA Collection of the Important and Interesting Criminal Trials which have taken place in the United States, from the beginning of our Government to the Present Day.WITH NOTES AND ANNOTATIONSJOHN D. LAWSON, LL.D.*Editor*VOLUME XST. LOUIS*F. H. THOMAS LAW BOOK CO.**1918*---

1810 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: is binding on the said Leo M. Frank, and effectively constitutes a waiver.6. Said motion should be dismissed and this petition in conjunction with the decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia in the case of Leo M. Frank against the State of Georgia, affirmatively shows that said Frank after a knowledge of this waiver on the part of his counsel acquiesced in the same and took steps affirmatively indicating a waiver of such conduct on the part of his counsel.7. Said motion should be dismissed because it affirmatively appears from the same that

1800 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: waiver would be not only a renunciation of a right which the law established in his favor but would be a renunciation affect - ing the public interest.Because on the day said verdict was rendered, and shortly before Hon. L. S. Roan, the Judge who presided upon the trial of said cause, began his charge to the jury, the said Judge in the jury room of the court house wherein the trial was pro- ceeding, privately conversed with L. Z. Rosser and Reuben R. Arnold, two of the counsel of this defendant, and in

1790 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: Tyre, Peeples & Jordanunderstanding of the errors complained of; and the Clerkof the Superior Court of Fulton County, Georgia, is herebyordered to make out a complete copy of such parts of therecord as are in this bill of exceptions specified and certifythe same as such, and cause the same to be transmitted to theSupreme Court of Georgia, now in session, that the errorsalleged to have been committed may be considered and corrected.This June 25th, 1914.Ben H. HillJudge Superior Court,Atlanta Circuit.

1780 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: and corrected by the Supreme Court of Georgia.Rosser & BrandonReuben R. ArnoldHerbert J. HaasAttorneys for Leo M. Frank.Post Office Address:Atlanta, GeorgiaI do certify that the foregoing bill of exceptions is true, and contains and specifies all of the evidence, and contains and specifies all of the record material to a clear understanding of the errors complained of; and the Clerk of the Superior Court of Fulton County is hereby ordered to make out a complete copy of such parts of the record in said case as are in this bill of exceptions specified, and

1770 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: Mr. Burns's son brought me no such message and d d tell Mr.Burns, however, that he, Burns, desired me to talk to Allen. I told said Burns that it would be presumptuous for me to attempt to talk with Allen after he, Burns, several of his operatives, Jacobs, Isom had talked to Allen with identical results and for this reason I declined to talk to Allen. No affidavit was made by a Salvation Army man in my presence.JOSEPH W. CONROY, Sworn for the Movant. I am a Notary Public in and for the County

1760 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: master mechanic of the pencil company. I know that Beoker resigned his position during the month of December,1912. Beoker's office was on the fourth floor of the pencil company's place of business, and I know that Beoker issued orders on order blanks from his office, and there were in Beoker's desk at the time of his resignation duplicate order blanks, both in tablet form and in loose leaves. At the time that Beoker resigned a mix change was made in the office and dressing room space on the fourth floor, the part where Beoker's

1750 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: C. W. BURKE, DAN S. LEHON, Sworn for the Movant. We have been employed in investigating the Frank case. On or about the 9th day of April, 1914, each of us, together with J. O. Knight, went to the then boarding house of Miss Ruth Robinson, 404 Capitol Avenue. The affidavit purporting to be signed by said Miss Ruth Robinson, on the 9th day of April, 1914, before J. O. Knight, Notary Public, for Fulton County, and which has been introduced in evidence in this case, was signed in our presence, and said J.

1740 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: whether he would rather have a job around the Terminal Station than one just making $8.00 per month. I did not ask McKnight if he (McKnight) could learn to drive an automobile,nor did I tell him then if you would not like the job at the terminal station I will learn you to drive the car and give you a job. McKnight did state after he made his affidavit that he believe ham would be done him by the people at the place he was working and by the detectives, and I did tell

1730 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: and told her that Monteen would come out too; and I opened the door and got Monteen, and we come on out of the office, and Mr. Boorstein ran out and followed us to the elevator and insisted on having Mon teen come back and that girl followed us out there and said 'Come back; you don't have to answer any questions if you don't want to.' And I caught the elevator and come on down and in a few minutes Mr. Edmondson caught up with us and we went on home. Nobody said

1720 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: "I met Jimmie at the Bxxxxx Fourth National Bank corner at 1:30 Monday afternoon and he said we were thirty minutes too early. That Mr. Kelly would not be there until 2 o'clock. We waited around until 2 o'clock and went up to the Kimball House to a room the number of which I do not recall. Jimmie knocked at the door and a man I did not know opened the door and invited us in. After we got inside Jimmie introduced the man to me as Mr. Kelly from Chicago. This man asked

1710 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: He told me to report to him right across from the library that night. He didn't say anything more; said he would see me again that night. That night I reported where he said meet him, across from the library. He told me to stand in front of the House that Jack built. I had to wait for him. When he came, he came along. He said 'let's walk along,' and we walked down Cain Street, on out to West Harris Street and came back up to Peachtree Street. He said he wanted me

1700 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: her to close the door on her mother when she went to go out andtell her to stay there. I did not talk to Mr.Edmonson, the step-father of this little girl, right there. I never saw him but oncein my life. I did not talk to Dr. Claude Smith, the city Bacteriolog-ist. I did not talk to the two doctors who were employed by thedefense to ascertain whether or not that was blood on the secondfloor. I did not get their names or know anything about their re-ports. I made a thorough inquiry about

1690 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: named Mr. Burke was there and Mr. Burke didn't tell me anything and Mr. Burke and Mr. Eubanks asked me up to Mr. Burke's office, and asked me what I knew about the case, and I says, "I don't know anything at all." Eubanks told me I could make some money if I went to work on the case for them; that I was a working girl and needed the money, and I told him that I could not do it; that I didn't know anything about it. He didn't state any amount that

1680 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: pay Allen whatever he thinks he wants, or whatever Mr. O'Neal has promised him, and let him go on home, or wherever he wants to go, because he won't tell the truth nowhow. He knows something that would do us some good, but he is scared to tell it". Then I left his office with Mr. Bell, and he took me to the depot and he told me on the way that he thought I was the wisest colored man he ever saw or met, in not telling no lies. He told me in

1670 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: E. F. HOLLOWAY, sworn for the State. (being portion of testimony given on the original trial) "On Monday morning I saw Conley. Instead of being upstairs where he ought to be, sweeping, he was down in the shipping room, watching the detectives, officers and reporters. I caught him washing his shirt. Looked like he tried to hide it from me, I took it up and looked at it carefully and looked like he didn't want me to look at it at all."The State further introduced the original bill of indictment, verdict, sentence, motion for

1660 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: Miss Mary Phagan's purse, and that I gave the purse to a negro child; nor did I ask Annie Maude Carter to be with me; nor did she tell me "no, that was when I was down in jail". I did not make these statements to Annie Maude Carter, either in substance or in any other like language. I further state that I^Annie Maud Carter states that same is true, that she is misstating facts. I further state that such statements are untrue and are not the facts, that I did not do the

1650 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: Q-You do not know anything you want to sell do you? A. No sir,indeed I don't.Q. You have told us everything that happened? A. Yes sir, as faras I know.Q. You were on the floor above the office floor? A. I am on thevery top floor of the building.Q. Your little daughter says she heard you talking about Mr.Frank?A. She is sadly mistaken. My little daughter is not responsiblefor what she says.Q. How old is she? A. No sir.Q. What is the trouble? A. She tells littletales.Q. What makes her tell them. A. I

1640 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 1913. On Saturday morning, April 26, 1913, I wanted to go to town to get my niece, who lives with me, some slippers. I always go to town across the Nelson St. bridge. As I reached Nelson and Forsyth Sts. I saw a negro and a white man standing on this corner talking together. The negro had his face turned towards the white man at first had his back to me, and I thought at first the white man was a gentleman I knew. As I got even with them the white man stepped

1630 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: Schein gang for stealing in Walton County in 1894. We all pleaded guilty. The others paid out. I don't know how long I served a shop hammer. That was case No.L. There were three cases at the same time concurrent. One of the other Daltons stole a plow and I don't know what the other one stole. I was with them Feb.1899 at the February Term of Walton Superior Court I was indicted for helping steal a bale of cotton. In Gwinnett County I was prosecuted for stealing corn, but I came clear of

1620 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: am going to ask you were you ever in Mr. Frank's office, meet him there between the middle of June and the 1st Saturday in January of this year, he asked if you ever met him there for any immoral purpose? A. I never met him there for anything except to get the money. But of my time."11th GROUND.MISS MARIE KARST, sworn for the State. Attached is a copy of the examination in chief and the cross examination which I gave on the trial of the case of the State vs. Leo M.Frank. Every

1610 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: Frank and know that he was a man. I didn't pay much attention to what the girl had to say. I talked to Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey in the presence of Mr. Hass Rosser, city detective. The day I went on the stand Mr. Dorsey came into the room in his office where all of the girls were assembled, including Miss Nellie Wood. Mr. Dorsey stated that the time had now come when the State would introduce evidence with reference to Leo M. Frank's general character. He said he had been over and

1600 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: the second time and I wasn't there, and he come again, & think it was Thursday or Friday, and I wouldn't make him no affidavit, and then he says "I will come to see you Sunday afternoon, will you be here, and I said yes sir, and he said I will be here at 2 or 3 o'clock and I said all right, and so he come out there that evening. There was nobody with him that Sunday & gave him the affidavit, and he told me, he says "there isn't one out of

1590 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: before the 15th of next month and if I get out I will help you all. I can Annie Bear, because I love you so much=If I tell anybody where my money is they will go and get the whole dam bunch= Then I never would get it and the State may be so long paying me, they would not know what to do then but dont you worry.

1580 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: down. I would write him notes, and he would write me; but he went be-yond himself in writing to me and I brought them back to him andasked him for my letters. I would lay them down and go downstairsfor something and I would come back and they would be gone, and intwo or three days, I would find them lying around in a peculiar place.I don't know whether any of these letters were dated. I didn't paythat much attention to them. He would write six or seven pages inone letter, and as high

1570 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: For several weeks prior to April 1,1913, Mr.Leo M.Frankpaid me a dollar a week out of Jim Conley's pay on account for awatch purchased by Conley from Patric & Thompson. I collected adollar in this manner on March 8,1913,March 15,1913,March 22,1913,March 29,1913,April 5,1913, and April 19,1913. On April 26,1913,I was unable to get to the Pencil Factory by one thirty o'clockin the afternoon, it being customary for me to go to the PencilFactory by that time each Saturday to get the dollar and I did notcall at the factory that day. On the afternoon

1560 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: Jom s was a witness for the State and testified at the trial that he saw Jim Conley at the corner of Forsyth Street between one and two o'clock and he left him at the corner of Hunter and Davis Streets a little after two o'clock. We did not know that he would testify to the contrary and that he wouldn't testify as is stated in his affidavit.We did not know, nor did we have any opportunity of knowing, until after the date of the trial of Leo M.Frank and after the date of

1550 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: to all of the facts contained in this affidavit, and to any other facts in her knowledge which may be material. Among my associates in Atlanta, Georgia, while I resided there were Mr. and Mrs. Greenblatt, Judge and Mrs. Fred Powers, Dr. and Mrs. B. Wildauer, Mr. and Mrs. J. Saul, Mr. J. Saul, and my physicians, Dr. Manget and Dr. Sommerfield.F. M. POWERS, J. D. MAMGET, Sworn for the Movant. We are acquainted with Mrs. M. Jaffe. Her character and reputation are good and Mrs. Jaffe is worthy of belief and we would

1540 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: MARY RICH, SWORN (Before Commissioner D.O.Smith) I knew Jim Conley on April 26,1913. I don't know whether I would know him now or not. Jim said it was Memorial Day. I saw him after the noon hour, after two o'clock. I asked a man who some along and he said, it was 2:30. Jim had gone before that time. I saw him between Madison Ave and Forsyth St. on Hunter St where I have been selling lunches for 3 or 4 years. He bought a 20¢ dinner from me and has not paid me

1530 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: siderably after the trial and conviction of Mr.Frank that I acquainted his lawyers with these facts, and I then told either Mr. Leonard Haas, or Mr. Herbert J.Haas, I do not now recall which. The reason that I did not know the importance of my having seen Mr.Frank at this time, I did not know that it would have any bearing upon the case and when I first learned that it would have a bearing on the case I was then reluctant to tell these facts, as I desired to avoid notoriety and publicity;

1520 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: OTTO SCHWAR, C.J.ASHINS and GEORGE A. TILLANDER, Swornfor movant. They are personally acquainted with Oscar Pappenheim-er; that some of his associates are T.A.Hammond, Dr.J.B.Buchanan,R.S.Wessells, G.E.Carrier, John K.ORR; that the said Pappen-heimer is a person of good moral character and credibility andthey would believe him on oathDR.H.F.HARRIS, Sworn for movant (Before a Commissioner)I am State Health Officer/ I made two examinations of the body ofMary Phagan at the request of Solicitor Dorsey. He told me he wouldsend some hair from one of the machines in the factory, and a day or solater some hair was

1510 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: WITNESSES SUSTAINING AFFIANTS.ALEXANDER, H. A. (Chief et al.) (Movant-rebuttal), Page 246.ALEXANDER, H. A. (W. J. Burns) (Movant), Page 79.BARRETT, MAY (Mrs. Bailey), Page 60.BARKARD, B. (George Epps) (Movant - rebuttal), Page 254.BURKE, E. ET AL. (Ruth Roberson), Page 256.BURKE, C. W., Page 240.BURKE, C. W. (Marie Karst), Page 242.BURKE, C. W. (F. E. Duffy), Page 249.BURKE, C. W. (Lillian Knight), Page 260.BURKE, C. W. (Carrie Smith), Page 265.BURNS, W. J. (Albert Knight), Page 230.CAMBELL, PAT (C. B. Dalton) (State), Page 118.CONROY, JOSEPH W. (Dewey Howell) (Movant - rebuttal), Page 266.DENNISTON, AUSTIN G. (Ruth Roberson),

1490 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: mother, Mrs. Mary Barrett. If Mrs. Maud Failey and Mrs. May Barrett, who was an employee of the pencil factory at the time this thing occurred, really knew what she now would have this court believe that she does know, then one can deliberately making misstatements as to her knowledge. But as the State believes and charges, for the purpose of protecting Leo M. Frank, who saw the importance of keeping the officers ignorant that Jim Conley was where he said he was, and where the State insists he was.The state submits that the

1480 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: The absolute worthlessness of the evidence of Mrs. J. B. Simmons, as referred to in Ground 13 of the extraordinary motion, has been duly disposed of in replying to the ground dedicated alone to a discussion of the evidence of the said Mrs. Simmons. Also affidavit of James Conley amply refutes said charge

1460 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: State, that Magnolia Kennedy, the defendant's witness, saw thehair, they failed to ask any question,with reference to theidentity of this hair, and the State could with much more showof plausibility contend that because counsel for Frank did notask their witness this question when they knew, or ought to haveknown by diligent inquiry, that she could probably identify thehair as being that of Mary Phagan, that said attorneys for Frankwere suppressing material evidence, than can said attorneys, asthey have done in the first ground of this motion, assert thatthe State was suppressing material evidence, when

1450 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: ward hair which was alleged to have been found by Barrett on the lathe, and the said Cora Falta states positively that the hair on said lathe was not the hair of Mary Phagan, and that the same was entirely too light in color and was not of the same texture as that of Mary Phagan, and places in lieu thereof the following; "that she was working at the National Pencil Co., for five years past; that she was acquainted with Mr. Frank and also R. P. Barrett, and knew Mary Phagan quite well

1440 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: until the date of said affidavit, Exhibit E--that said Cora L. Leffew would testify as in said Exhibit E set out and could not have ascertained such by exercising due diligence.1-C. Because of the newly discovered evidence of Georgia Denham, which evidence so newly discovered is hereunto set out in an affidavit hereto attached and marked Exhibit D.Upon the original trial of movant, the State contended that Mary Phagan had been murdered in the metal room of the second floor of the factory and had been carried from that place by movant and Jim

1430 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: G E O R G I AFULTON COUNTY.STATE OF GEORGIA ) VS. ) Fulton Superior CourtLEO M. FRANK. ) Extraordinary motion for new trial.Before the undersigned, personally appeared Leo M. Frank,who upon oath deposes and says that the facts in the aboveand foregoing amendment for new trial are just and true, asthey stand stated.(Signed) Leo M. FrankSworn to and subscribed before methis 23rd day of April, 1914.(Signed) O. W. Burke,Notary Public, Fulton County, Ga.

1420 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: trial of said case, the state insisted that Leo M. Frank carried the deceased, Mary Phagan, back to the metal room in the rear of the factory and killed her, whereas the testimony of this witness shows that the said Mary Phagan went into said Frank's office and came out and that when she came out and went down the steps, that Frank was still in his office. Movant further shows that said testimony completely repudiates the evidence of the negro Jim Conley and corroborates to the fullest extent the testimony of the witness

1410 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: a drink where it is claimed he was met by Iva Jones and that Jones and Conley went towards home of Conley together.Jones has since testified, and will as the defendant isinformed and believes, now testify, that he met no one in saidsaloon nor on his way by the saloon to his home, except BuddyPerry, meeting him at Davis and Hunter StreetsNeither the defendant nor his counsel had any reason tobelieve that Ivy Jones was telling other than the truth when hetestified to seeing Conley in said saloon, and had no possiblemeans of knowing,

1400 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: far as she knew or knows is bad for lasciviousness; that she has never heard of the defendant acting in any unbecoming manner toward anyone; that she has at no time seen any woman in the defendant's office and never heard any girl or woman say that they had ever seen any woman in defendant's office or had seen the defendant act unbecoming to ladies, that the defendant always made the girls at the factory attend strictly to business and that when she testified his character was bad at the original trial, she intended

1390 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 1:30 o'clock, on that day, assisting the said Conley to move the body from the second floor to the basement.The defendants here and now offers to show and prove to the Court all of the facts herein set forth, and swears to the existence of these facts as the truth, and asks the Court to investigate them in this extraordinary motion.Defendant further submits that the discovery of the foregoing facts is material, and that it is such an extraordinary state of facts as would probably produce a different result on another trial; that said

1380 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: The Solioitor General likewise alluded to the finding of this hair in his brief before the Supreme Court of Georgia.The defendant further shows that it was one of the strong contentions of the state that Mary Phagan had been inveigled by Frank into the metal room on the second floor of the factory and he had there murdered her. The negro Conley in his testimony stated that he found Mary Phagan in the metal room, dead, and that Frank engaged him to conceal her in the basement of the factory. The witness Barrett testified

1370 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: builds up that story as additions may be needed, he is assured that the detectives will save him as far as possible from court and Grand Jury, and will, so far as they can, fix upon him no greater crime than that of a misdemeanor.12. Conley and his counsel are wise. There is for them no other hope than for the detectives to keep Conley and save him from a confession that he committed the crime, giving him immunity, provided he continues to put the guilt on Frank.Respectfully submitted,Rosser & Brandon,Attys. for Leo Frank.Order

1360 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: case above stated shall be terminated, or until said Connally shall be otherwise released by proper order of Court.This May 29, 1913.(Signed), Hugh M. Dorsey,Sol. Gen. Atlanta Circuit.Georgia, Fulton County,Comes now Hugh M. Dorsey, who being duly sworn, deposes and says the allegations in the above petition are true so far as they come within his knowledge, and so far as derived from the information of others he believes them to be true.Attested, May 29, 1913.(Signed), Hugh M. Dorsey.John H. Jones, (Signed)N. P. Fulton Co., Ga.The above and foregoing petition read and considered.Let the

1340 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: room, carrying her on my right shoulder, and she got too heavy for me and she slipped off my shoulder and fell on the floor right there at the dressing room and I hollered for Mr. Frank to come there and help me, that she was too heavy for me, and Mr. Frank come down and he told me to pick her up, damn fool, and he run down there to me and he was excited, and he picked her up by the feet, her head and feet went sticking out of the cloth

1320 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: DEFENDANT'S EXHIBIT 26.Requisition sheet in handwriting of Leo. M. Frank, as follows:House No.7188Date_April 26, 1913SalesmanBill to J.D.P.Order No. 4/23/13NATIONAL PENCIL CO.MANUFACTURERSAtlanta,Ship to_F.W.W.Co. #68 Terre Haute,Ship When_at onceRemarks:Ind.Date_April 28, 1913Sales No. Amount Name of Remarks37 135 345 2120 2155 3920 1910 1CompleteO.K.HGSDateCompleteShipmentApr. 28, 1913Shipped CompleteApr. 28, 19132701270

1310 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: DEFENDANT'S EXHIBIT 7—Continued.Three pencil sheets (the last two of which are in Frank's handwriting), part of data for financial sheet.NATIONAL PENCIL COMPANY, Atlanta, Ga.F A C T O R Y P E N C I L S T O C K R E C O R D Week Ending April 17, 1913DATE 60x S.P. 50x S.P. 40x S.P. 30x S.P. 20x S.P. 10x S.P. 8x S.P. 7x S.P. 6x S.P. 5x S.P. 4x S.P. 3x S.P. 2 1/2x S.P. 2x S.P. 1 1/2x S.P. 1x S.P. 3/4x S.P. 1/2x S.P. 3/8x S.P. 5/16x S.P.

1300 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 176 .................................................. 254177 .................................................. 189178 .................................................. 190179 .................................................. 191180 .................................................. 192181 .................................................. 193182 .................................................. 194183 .................................................. 195184 .................................................. 196185 .................................................. 197186 .................................................. 198187 .................................................. 199188 .................................................. 200Date April 26, 1913.Solicitor Dorsey stated in open court that he had made the erasure noted on this time slip, supposing it to have been put there by the detectives, the words erased being "Taken out 8:26 a. m."DEFENDANT'S EXHIBIT 3.Data sheet, being part of financial sheet.PRODUCTIONS: WEEK-ENDING 4/24/13Gross Production 2765.5.Net Production 2719.5.Repacked good 10.Repacked cheap 36.Value repacked $70.00.Rubber inserted 720.Rubber cheap 667.5.Rubber good 706.5.Lead good 747.Lead cheap

1280 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: RE-DIRECT EXAMINATION,288160 cubic cc. of liquid in the stomach taken out nine days afterwards would be a little in excess of what I would consider normal under the conditions already named.DR. GEORGE M. NILES, sworn for the State in rebuttal.I confine my work to diseases of digestion. Every healthy stomach has a certain definite and orderly relation to every other healthy stomach. Assuming a young lady between thirteen and fourteen years of age at 11:30 April 26, 1913, eats a meal of cabbage and bread, that the next morning about three o'clock her dead

1270 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: she had with us. She didn't say anything with reference to Mrs. Frank having stated anything to her mother on Sunday morning. The affidavit does not contain anything that she did not state that day. Before she made that affidavit, she said he did eat dinner that day. She finally said he didn't eat any. At first she said he remained at home at dinner time about half an hour or more. She finally said he only remained about ten minutes. At first she said Albert McKnight-was not there that day. She finally said

1260 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 218prove it. The nigger says he can't write and we feel that he can write." I said: "I know he can write, I have read many notes from him asking me to loan him money. I have received from him many notes from him not to know that he can write. In other words, I have received notes signed with his name, purporting to have been written by him, though I have never seen him to this date use a pencil." I thought awhile and then I says: "Now, I tell you; if you

1250 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: and I stopped and-discussed it with them, and I was about to leave them when Henry Bauer came along in his automobile and stopped where I was and he asked me what I knew about it, and I had to stop and talk with him; and I finally got loose from him and went over to the home of Mr. Ursenbach on the corner of Pulliam and Washington. The child when I arrived there, I found Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Marcus, Mr. and Mrs. Charlie Ursenbach, and my wife, and a little later

1240 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: I always make out and mail to Mr. Oscar Pappenheimer (Defendant's Exhibit 46), who was formerly a member of the Board of Directors, though he is not now. The other signed Defendant's Exhibit 48. I always invariably sent to my uncle, Mr. M. M. Frank, no matter where he is, who is president of the company. On this particular Saturday, my uncle had during the week ending April 26th, gone to New York, stopping at Hotel McAlpin, preparatory to taking his annual trip abroad for his health, he being a sick, feebl old man.

1230 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 189duction for April 18th, 19th, 22nd and 23rd, but he had omitted the entry for the 24th, and the 24th not being there, of course it was not totaled or headed, so it became necessary to look in this bunch of daily reports (Defendant's Exhibit 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d,) which was handed in, and then place them in, forelady, sort out the various pencils noted on there, and place them in their proper places. Before proceeding further on that, I want to call your attention to the fact that we use this sheet (Defendant's

1220 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 189duction for April 18th, 19th, 22nd and 23rd, but he had omitted the entry for the 24th, and the 24th not being there, of course it was not totaled or headed, so it became necessary to look in this bunch of daily reports (Defendant's Exhibit 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) which was filled in every day by the packing forelady, sort out the various pencils used on there, and place them in their proper places. Before proceeding further on that, I want to call your attention to the fact that we use this sheet (Defendant's

1210 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: were typed on April 25th. Friday, were shipped on April 24th, and bear date at the top on which the shipment was made, irrespective of the date on which these are typewritten; in other words, the shipments took place April 24th, and that date is at the top typewritten, and a stamp by the office boy at the bottom, April 24th. Among other things that the S. H. Kress Company demands is that on their orders, you must state whether or not it is complete, the number of the store, and by which railroad

1200 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: .169he was there. I know the characteristics of the boys very well. No, I can not tell what Frank did when he was in the class room.V. H. KRIBGSHABER, sworn for the Defendant.I live in Atlanta. I have known Leo Frank for about three years. His general character is good.CROSS EXAMINATION.I did not come in contact with him frequently. I am a Trustee of the Hebrew Orphans Home and Mr. Frank is also. I met him once a month there. I don't know how long he has been on the Board. I have met

1190 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 159DR. WILLIS F. WESTMORELAND, sworn for the Defendant.DIRECT EXAMINATION.A practicing physician for twenty eight years, general practice and surgery. A professor of surgery for twenty one, and formerly president of the State Board of Health. If the body of a girl between thirteen and fourteen years old was embalmed about ten hours after death, after taking out a gallon of fluid and putting in α-gallon of embalming fluid, of which 8 per cent. is formaldehyde and the body was buried and nine or ten days after upon a post mortem examination a cut an

1180 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: shaft to the place where the body of the young lady is said to have beenfound, and 80 feet from the front of the elevator shaft to the trash pile and90 feet from the elevator shaft to the boiler, and 116 feet from the elevatorshaft to the colored people's toilet. It is 50 feet from the elevator to theback stairway. The chute as shown on the page 2 of the plat is five feet wideand 15 or 20 feet long. It empties upon a platform in the basement abouteight or ten feet from the

1170 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 189in to view the body Mr. Frank was standing outside talking with Mr. Schiff and Mr. Darley. Mr. Frank went in to view the body later on, ten or twenty or thirty minutes later. I was sitting down waiting for the rest of the men while he went there. Zigank was sitting with me. I don't know whether Mr. Frank went in the room to see the body or not. Mr. Frank was nervous when he got there, and when he came out just the same. Just the same expression he has got on

1160 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 129and stayed about an hour. He talked to me, my stenographer, Miss Hattie Hall, and Mr. Gottheimer, one of the salesmen. Up to about a year ago I went to the factory almost every Saturday afternoon. Mr. Frank would always be working at his desk on the financial sheet. The telephone in my house is about 20 feet from my bed. I didn't hear it ring Sunday morning. My wife was aroused by its ringing and she waked me. The man at the other end asked me if I could identify a girl that

1150 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 119seen girls once or twice come in with their fingers mashed come into the toilet room and go to the sink after they had washed their fingers. I don't know when I heard that Mrs. White said that she had seen a negro sitting on the box. I think I read it in the paper sometime that week. The big spot of blood I was talking about was occasioned by the girls whose sickness was on them. I have never seen Mr. Frank or anybody else have anybody down at the office at any

1140 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 109were washing right then. When we came out we saw Mr. Frank at his desk in his office writing. Mr. White borned off from him. He did not look nervous or unusual. You can look down from the landing on the third floor and see whether anything is being put in or taken out of the elevator on the office floor. White and I on the fourth floor could have gone anywhere in the building that day. It was open to us.CROSS EXAMINATION.We were working about 40 feet from the elevator. There were crocus

1130 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 99and entered and how he figured it.) In my opinion it would take a prettyswift man three and a half hours.CROSS EXAMINATION.A man's familiarity with a special class of work will aid materially inmaking it up. If he had had to get up the information which was furnishedme it would take him a good deal longer than it did me, for the informationwas already furnished me. I have allowed for his experience and familiaritywith the business, in the way of saving time, in making my estimate. I havetried to make my figures sufficiently conservative

1120 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 89packed in tissue paper, and he has to know which pencils are packed. He has got to go through all the pencils to determine which took wrappers and which did not. Our pencil production averaged 2500 to 3000 gross per week. A gross is 144. The next item is "skeletons." Skeleton is a card board with a little place in it where six pencils go on one side and six on the other and the wrapper goes around it. The assortment boxes don't take skeletons, the cheaper pencils do. He had to know the

1110 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: remember the time. I never saw Conley on April 26th. If he was there he was skulking around and hiding. I never saw McCrary talk to him that day. On Monday morning I saw Conley, instead of being upstairs where he ought to be sweeping, he was down in the shipping room watching the detectives, officers and reporters. I caught him washing his shirt. Looked like he tried to hide it from me. I picked it up and looked at it carefully and it looked like he didn’t want me to look at it

1100 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: back from Montag's. It may have been about 11 o'clock. Miss Mattie Smithleft the factory somewhere about 9:30. It was after we got back from Montag'sthat I saw Mr. Darley leave. Mr. Holloway and the peg-legged negro wentupstairs and came down before Mr. Darley left the factory. They could haveseen me sitting on the box, as they came out the factory. Mr. Holloway leftabout 10 or 15 minutes after Mr. Darley left. It may have been four or fiveminutes. After Mr. Holloway left, I told them-Mr. Quinn came in-I may havetold them that a

1090 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: Frank told me to come to his office. I have never seen any cot or bed down in the basement. I refused to write for the police the first time. I told them I couldn't write.CROSS EXAMINATION.I am 27 years old. The last job I had was working for Dr. Palmer. I worked for him a year and a half. I worked before that for Orr Stationery Company for three or four months. Before that I worked for S. S. Gordon. Before that I worked for Adams Woodward and Dr. Honeywell. Got my first

1080 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: 49surface and a great deal of hemorrhage in the surrounding tissues. The dilation of the blood vessels indicated to me that the injury had been made in the vagina some little time before death. Perhaps ten to fifteen minutes. It had occurred before death by reason of the fact that these blood vessels were dilated. Inflammation had set in and it had been an appreciable length of time for the process of inflammatory change to begin. There was evidence of violence in the neighborhood of the hymen. Rigor mortis varies so much that it

1070 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: of the clock Sunday morning had been punched regularly. I made the same mistake standing right-there by his side. I didn't see Mr. Frank date the slip. It ought to have been dated the 26th. The slip I saw didn't have any time on it except the watchman's time. I don't know whether I would know it or not, to identify. The slip-404, not made in-duplicate. As to whether there is any mark on the slip to enable any one to identify it, as the one taken out that night, my memory is that

1060 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: RE-DIRECT EXAMINATION.The pencils are painted on the third floor. There isn’t any paint used at all in the factory only in the polishing room, except on the third floor.B. B. HASLETT, sworn for the State.I went to Mr. Frank’s house Monday morning after the murder, about 7 o’clock. I went out there and got him and took him to the station house. He was at the station house two or three hours. I told him Chief Lanford wanted to see him.CROSS EXAMINATION.I saw Mr. Rosser and Mr. Haas at the station house about 8:30

1050 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: whether Mr. Frank finished dressing upstairs or not. I couldn't see him when he went behind those curtains. We stayed at the Frank home about ten minutes. At the undertaking establishment I was right behind Mr. Frank. He-was-between me and the face when I saw the face when the undertaker turned her over. Yes, Mr. Frank was in front of me had an opportunity to see it also. No, Mr. Frank didn't go into that sleeping room. Mr. Frank went out just ahead of me. When we went back to the pencil factory Mr.

1040 Page – Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Appeals Records, 1913, 1914

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Visible Translated Text Is As Follows: hat was possibly nearer the elevator than the shoe. That was a dirt floor and cinders on it scattered over the dirt. I thought the places on her face had been made from dragging. I think I saw little blood on the underclothing. I did not testify before the coroner that the blood ran a little when we moved the body. I didn't say it was liquid. The blood was dry. The little trail where I thought showed the body was dragged went straight on down where the girl was found. It was a

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