Author: Historical Librarian

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 24th August 1913.Original Author: Britt Craig.Besides costing Fulton county a small-sized fortune, the trial of Leo Frank has broken many records which at one time seemed likely to stand for all time.It has been Georgia's longest trial.It has sent to court record a half-million more words than any other.It has been the state's most expensive.It brought to court more witnesses than any two criminal trials.It fostered more widespread Interest.It brought more sentiment into play.And that's not all!Worked Papers Hard.It worked the newspapers harder than they worked that eventful night when Daisy Grace held herself from the Jail

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 24th August 1913.Page two."What I had to say yesterday," began Mr. Dorsey at the opening of Saturday morning's session, "with references to character, I think I have demonstrated by law to any fair-minded man that the defendant is not a man of good character.""In failing to cross-examine these twenty young ladies who claim his character was bad, is proof, of itself, that if he had character that was good, no power on earth would have kept him and his counsel from plying countless questions in his behalf.""That's common-sense, gentlemen, a proposition that is as fair and a

The Atlanta Constitution,Monday, 25th August 1913.Page 1.Solicitor Dorsey Is Expected to Complete His Address to Jury During Morning Session of Court.MANY FRIENDS VISIT FRANK IN THE TOWERJudge Has Intimated That He Will Be Ready to Receive Verdict at Any Time of Day or Night.By 11 o'clock this morning and perhaps earlier Solicitor Hugh Dorsey will have finished his address in the case of Leo M. Frank, charged with the murder of Mary Phagan, and Judge Roan will' begin charging the jury.In a talk with a Constitution reporter last night, Mr. Dorsey intimated that the final summing up of his argument

The Atlanta Constitution, Tuesday, 26th August 1913. Page 2 As the big bell in the Catholic church tolled the hour of 12 o'clock Solicitor Dorsey concluded his remarkable plea for the conviction of Leo Frank with the dreadful words "Guilty, guilty, guilty!" It was just at this hour, more than four months ago that little Mary Phagan entered the pencil factory to draw her pittance of $1.20. The tolling of the bell and the dread sound of the words cut like a chill to the hearts of many who shivered involuntarily. It was the conclusion of the most remarkable speech

  The Atlanta Constitution, Tuesday, 26th August 1913. Page 1. WAITS WITH WIFE IN TOWER FOR NEWS FROM COURTROOM. FRIENDS TELL HIM VERDICT. "I Am as Innocent Today as I Was One Year Ago," He Cries "The Jury Has Been Influenced by Mob Law" "I Am Stunned by News," Declares Rabbi Marx, One of Prisoner's Closest Friends Defense Plans to Carry Case to Supreme Court in Order to Secure New Trial. Judge Roan Will Defer Sentence For a Few Days. OVATION FOR JURY AND SOLICITOR GIVEN BY CROWD WAITING ON STREET Judge Roan Thanks Jurymen for Services During Four Long,

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 26th August 1913.Page four."I could not begin to tell you how glad and relieved I feel, now that it is all over." said Mrs. J. W. Coleman, mother of Mary Phagan, talking to a Constitution reporter last night."For weeks I have felt that I just could not sleep another wink for thinking of that man Frank, and the possibility that he might escape the consequences of his crime. I have felt satisfied all the time that he was guilty, and the verdict of the jury is no surprise to me. They are good, noble men, and should

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 26th August 1913.LEO FRANK'S LIFE HISTORY.The following chronological history of the life of Leo Max Frank is taken from his statement to the jury, made Monday, August 18, 1913:April 17, 1884, born in Paris, Texas.July, 1884, taken by parents to live in Brooklyn, New York.June, 1902, graduated from Pratt Institute, a Brooklyn high school.September, 1902, entered Cornell university, Ithaca, New York.June, 1906, graduated from Cornell.July, 1906, accepted position as draftsman with B. F. Sturtevant company, of High Park, Mass.January, 1907, became testing engineer and draftsman for the National Meter company, of Brooklyn.October, 1907, came to Atlanta to

  The Atlanta Constitution, Tuesday, 26th August 1913. Page 7. To those who sat with pent-up excitement in the court room Monday on the last day of the Leo Frank trial, the various events called the Jury and began his charge. The various events flashed by with kaleidoscopic regularity. At the time it seemed a long wall between each picture as it flashed on the screen, but looking back on it, the spectator feels that one came after the other in much short order that the real significance of each had not been taken in before the next event was

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 26th August 1913.Page 3.Chief Newport Lanford made the following statement Monday night in talking with a Constitution reporter:"It is very gratifying to the members of my department that the jury, after their undoubtedly careful deliberation, found Frank guilty. I am not in the least surprised, nor do I think are any of the detectives, who have been associated with me in this case.""Frank was given one of the fairest trials it has ever been my lot to figure in. A body of twelve honorable gentlemen of high standing in the community have found him guilty, as charged,

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 26th August 1913.Page 3.Story of Mary Phagan's Death As Representatives of the State Outlined It to Frank's JuryThe Jury has said that Leo Max Frank Is guilty of the murder of Mary Anne Phagan.With that verdict fell upon Frank the awful shadow of the gallows and death.This is a fearful shadow to dwell in. It Is a midnight of horror made black and dreadful than mere words can conjure up.But there Is another shadow which hovers over Leo M. Frank a shadow beside whose unspeakable blackness the thought of mere death brightens to the soft roseate glow

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 27th August 1913.Page 1.Motion for New Trial Made and Hearing Set for October 4, 1913, Thus Making It Certain Prisoner Will Get Delay.NEWT LEE IS RELEASED BY ORDER OF THE COURTLeo Frank Tells Judge That He Is Innocent, but That His Case Is in the Hands of Counsel.Leo M. Frank is sentenced to be hanged on Friday, October 10, 1913. This was the date set yesterday morning by Judge Leonard Strickland Roan, when the man convicted of the murder of little Mary Phagan was brought before him to be sentenced on Tuesday, August 26. The fact that

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 27th August 1913.Page 2.The Frank trial is a matter of history. Solicitor General Hugh Manson Dorsey and his wonderful speech, which brought the case to a close, form the subject matter for countless discussions among all classes of folk in all sorts of places on the street corners, in clubs, newspaper offices, at the courthouse and wherever two lawyers chance to get together for an exchange of words.Beyond all doubt, Hugh Dorsey is the most talked-of man in the state of Georgia today. The widespread interest in the Frank case caused all eyes from Rabun Gap to

The Atlanta Constitution,Thursday, 28th August 1913.Page five.Prisoner is Preparing Statement as Answer to Solicitor Dorsey's Argument.The cell of Leo M. Frank in the Tower is fast assuming the appearance of a living rom. Yesterday a new bed and a number of furnishings arrived. All the day prison attaches worked renovating the interior, oiling the floor and cleaning the windows.Mrs. Lucille Frank appeared at the jail shortly after noon. For the first time since her husband's imprisonment, she visited him in his cell. Heretofore they have accepted the use of the jailers dining room on the first floor. Frank's mother, Mrs.

The Atlanta Constitution,Friday, 29th August 1913.Page 2.This Decision Is at the Advice of His Attorneys Leo Frank Sees Many Friends.It was learned yesterday that, contrary to reports, Leo Frank would not make public a statement attacking his arraignment by Solicitor Dorsey, withholding at the advice of attorneys.His counsel has advised silence for the present, and it is likely that no statement at all will be made by the convicted man until his case is brought before the Supreme Court, in the event a new trial is granted.No move of any kind is expected on the part of the defense until

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 31st August 1913.Page 2.Leo Max Frank, recently convicted on the charge of murdering Mary Phagan, is to receive aid in his battle for life and liberty from the alumni of Cornell university of Ithaca, New York, which institution he is a graduate on June 21, 1906, according to dispatches received in Atlanta Saturday night from New York city lawyers, when the movement was started some days ago.T. B. Strauss, a prominent Cornell alumnus, is heading the movement, and it is stated that circular letters will be sent out to Cornell graduates throughout the country asking their cooperation

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 3rd September 1913,PAGE 3.Gambling Termed a SenseLess Evil and Grand Jury Is Urged to See That Law Is Strictly Enforced.When Judge John T. Pendleton, of the superior court, swore in the new grand jury Tuesday he made mention of the crime wave that has struck Atlanta, as told in The Constitution of Tuesday morning, and urged that the members of the grand jury see to it that every man charged with breaking the law, be indicted if the evidence is indicated a possibility of his guilt.Atlanta, while I have observed the wave of lawlessness here, is no

The Atlanta Constitution, Thursday, 4th September 1913. PAGE 3, Column 1 Lodging and Food for the Jury for 29 Days Cost $975.06 Bills arising from the trial of Leo M. Frank, charged with the murder of Mary Phagan, the 13-year-old employee in the plant of the National Pencil company, of which the man convicted on August 25, 1913 was superintendent, are beginning to come into the county, and at the meeting of the board of commissioners Wednesday $975.06 was ordered paid for the expense of caring for the jury for twenty-nine days during which the trial lasted. The amount ordered

The Atlanta Constitution, Friday, 5th September 1913. PAGE 7, COLUMN 5 The new grand jury will meet today, and there is much speculation rife as to whether or not this grand jury will take up the charge against Jim Conley, negro sweeper at the National Pencil company's factory, of accessory after the fact of Mary Phagan's murder. Solicitor Dorsey has declined consistently to commit himself on the subject. It is definitely known that on Thursday no bill against Conley had been drawn. There are those wise ones who say, however, that the case of Conley will be among the first

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 6th September 1913,PAGE 3, COLUMN 2.After a brief session on Friday the grand jury returned fourteen true bills and adjourned in time for the ball game.The case of Jim Conley, negro sweeper at the National Pencil companys factory, confessed accessory after the fact of Mary Phagans murder, was not considered by the grand jury.Among the true bills rendered were the following:Simpson Brown, colored, charged with the murder of Charlie Hill, colored.Charles L. Smith, alias C. R. Smith, charged with bigamy, his alleged plurality of spouses being Miss Gertrude Wilson and Miss Lennie Spain.P. M. Christian, charged with

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 9th September 1913.PAGE 3, COLUMN 4Governor Slaton Tells CommitteeHe Intends to Keep thePlace Free of Politics.A committee composed of many of the prominent members of the Atlanta Bar association called upon Governor Slaton at the state capitol Monday afternoon urging the appointment of Judge L. S. Roan to the fourth superior court judgeship, created by act of the last legislature for the Atlanta circuit.Speaking in behalf of Judge Roan several of the city's best known attorneys declared him to be the man most fit for the position.Eugene R. Black, chairman of the bar association committee, touched upon

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 10th September 1913.PAGE 2, COLUMN 4For their work in the Phagan case, ten days' vacation in addition to that to which they are ordinarily entitled were given to Chief of Detectives Newport A. Lanford and Detectives J. N. Starnes, Pat Campbell, S. L. Rosser and John R. Black by the police board at its regular monthly meeting last night.The action was taken following the reading of a letter from Solicitor General Hugh N. Dorsey to Chief Lanford highly complimenting the good work done by the detectives assigned to help him on the Phagan case. While the name

The Atlanta Constitution,Thursday, 11th September 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 5.An aftermath of the misunderstanding that brought on a flight early in the summer between Architect Hal Hents and Contractor J. A. Winkles in the new home of Solicitor Hugh M. Dorsey came yesterday when the contractor filed suit for $5,775 against Solicitor Dorsey.Winkles claims that the solicitor owes him $775 on the house and that he should receive $5,000 for the slander and false reports which he says Solicitor Dorsey has spread in regard to him.In his suit the contractor also states that he was set upon and beat up by

The Atlanta Constitution, Thursday, 11th September 1913. PAGE 7, COLUMN 1 and 2. Reported That Judge Roan, of Stone Mountain Circuit, Will Be Appointed on the Court of Appeals. While Governor John M. Slaton has made no announcement of whom he expects to appoint to fill the fourth judgeship recently created in Fulton County, it is rumored that Judge Benjamin Harvey Hill, of the Court of Appeals, will be selected to fill the position, and that Judge Leonard Strickland Roan, of the stone Mountain circuit, who, by special act of the legislature, has been holding the criminal division of the

The Atlanta Constitution, Friday, 12th September 1913. PAGE 12, COLUMN 7 Deputy Sheriff Plennie Minor, has issued invitations to what promises to be one of the most enjoyable gatherings that Fulton County has seen in many days. It is to be held at Germania Park, Saturday afternoon. According to Plennie's invitations, which have been sent out to a large number of his friends, and probably no official in the county has a larger list, the affair will be a "barbecue, fish fry and so forth." Pennie has yet to explain what "and so forth" is, but those who know his

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 13th September 1913,PAGE 3, COLUMN 4.Citizens Declare That Henslee Has Not Been in Town Since Trials Close.Renewing their attack upon Juror A. H. Henslee, one of the twelve men who convicted Leo M. Frank of the murder of Mary Phagan, the attorneys for the defense Monday obtained affidavits from J. J. Nunnally and W. L. Ricker, of Monroe, Ga., in which the two men reiterated their charges bias and prejudice against Henslee and replied to his statement that he uttered his denunciation of Frank after, and not before the trial.Nunnally and Ricker asserted in their second affidavit

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 13th September 1913.PAGE 8, COLUMN 4New York Physician DeclaresLeo Frank Was Noted in CollegeFor His Clean Morals.Dr. Morris J. Clurman, A. B., graduate of Cornell university with Leo M. Frank and now a resident of New York, writes the following letter to The Constitution in reference to the case of his classmate:Editor, Constitution:I trust you will honor a New Yorker with a little space in your newspaper and thereby yield me an opportunity to express candidly and in an absolutely unbiased manner what I know concerning the character and past life of Leo M. Frank, who is

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 14th September 1913.PAGE 1, COLUMN 1Roan Takes the Court of Ap-Peals Vacancy; Reid, StoneMountain; George Napier,Solicitorship.FOUR CHANGES MADETO FILL ONE OFFICEAppointments Effective Octo-ber 6 Judge Roan WillProbably Hear Motion inFrank Case.The fourth judge of the Fulton county superior court is Benjamin H. Hill, chief judge of the court of appeals.L. S. Roan, judge of the Stone Mountain circuit, will take Judge Hill's place as a member of the court of appeals.Charles S. Reid, solicitor general of the Stone Mountain circuit, has been elevated to the bench to succeed Judge Roan.George M. Napier, of the firm of Napier,

The Atlanta Constitution,Monday, 15th September 1913.PAGE 10, COLUMN 4Report Says They Are Working on Frank Case.That detectives in the employ of the Burns Agency are in Atlanta working up new evidence to be used in the hearing on a new trial for Leo M. Frank, which is set for Oct. 4, 1913, is the rumor which spread through the city Sunday and set tongues freshly wagging on the famous case.The rumor further has it that Solicitor Dorsey had in his possession a bit of valuable evidence given him while he was arguing the case before the jury and too late

The Atlanta Constitution,Monday, 15th September 1913,PAGE 10, COLUMN 2.Public Mind Too Inflamed forImpartial Hearing of Case,Says Dr. Holderby.Leo M. Frank did not receive a fair trial for the murder of Mary Phagan on account of the inflamed condition of the public mind, according to Rev. A. R. Holderby, past of the Moore Memorial church.The declaration was made during a discussion of the topic.A Square Deal for Every Man, which was the subject of Dr. Holderbys discourse Sunday morning.I wish to speak a word of caution to you today as regards your attitude towards one of our citizens who had been

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 16th September 1913.PAGE 9, COLUMN 2Jim Conley may not plead guilty to being accessory after the fact in the murder of Mary Phagan. This is the startling statement of the negro's attorney, William Smith, late Monday."I may have Jim take a plea to one of the counts of the indictment against him, but I do not believe he will plead guilty to all of the counts," was the way Attorney Smith declared himself.Conley remains at the Tower awaiting his trial, which will probably come up at the October term of the criminal branch of the superior court.PAGE

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 17th September 1913.PAGE 3, COLUMN 3The Fulton County grand jury, sitting Tuesday in regular session, returned a "no-bill" against Newt Lee the negro factory night watchman whose testimony figured so largely in the trial of Leo M. Frank for the murder of Mary Phagan.The action of the grand jury eliminates Lee in the matter of being connected with the murder in any manner.Wednesday, 17th September 1913 No Bill Is Found Against Newt Lee

The Atlanta Constitution,Thursday, 18th September 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 3.On account of having one of the heaviest dockets of the year in the criminal division of the city court.Judge Andrew E. Calhoun has decided to hold court another week.After that the criminal division of superior court is due to meet, as these courts do not have separate rooms and cannot meat at the same time.Solicitor Hugh M. Dorsey is said to be looking for a judge from another circuit who can preside temporarily in Fulton until the tangle caused by changes can be straightened out.His docket is even worse crowded than

  The Atlanta Constitution, Friday, 19th September 1913. PAGE 3 Newt Trial Petition Comes in December Before Judge Hill, and Not Judge Roan. The hearing of the petition asking for a new trial in the case of Leo M. Frank will be postponed from October 4 to the early part of December, according to authentic statements Thursday. Judge Ben Hill, recently appointed to the fourth judgeship of Fulton county, will hear the arguments for the new trial, on an extended petition just completed by Attorney Luther Rosser, chief of counsel for the convicted man. On account of the fact that

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 20th September 1913.PAGE 7, COLUMN 7Having learned a valuable lesson from the Mary Phagan murder, Chief Beavers will teach his men what to do in the event bodies are found in the future.The chief's instructions will be for the discoverer to keep hands off everything including garments of the corpse until finger print experts have reached the scene. The value of fingerprint evidence, says the chief, is inestimable in modern investigation.Until Bertillon methods are installed in the police department, the chief says, federal experts will be employed in future cases.Saturday, 20th September 1913 Beavers Will Teach Police

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 21st September 1913.PAGE 25, COLUMN 7The present official duty of Detectives Starnes and Campbell, who were Solicitor Dorsey's right-hand men in the investigation of the Mary Phagan murder case, is to find and return watches stolen from Atlantans. Up to date, since the trial, they have succeeded in finding forty-two pilfered timepieces, some of which have been missing for two or three years.PAGE 26, COLUMN 2PROFESSIONAL CARDSP. H. Brewster, Albert Howell, Jr.Hugh M. Dorsey, Arthur Heyman,Dorsey, Brewster, Howell & Heyman,Attorneys-at-Law.Offices: 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210Kiser Building, Atlanta, Ga.Long Distance Telephone 3023, 3024And 3025, Atlanta, Ga.Sunday,

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 23rd September 1913,PAGE 2, COLUMN 4.Retrial Hearing Will Be Conducted by One of Four Fulton Judges.In view of the fact that much has been published in the daily press about the new judicial appointments for Atlanta and the court of appeals, and speculation has been indulged as to who would hear the motion for a new trial in the Leo M. Frank case.The Constitution has made an effort to obtain the facts and to put at rest the discussion or doubt on the subject.The Frank motion for new trial has been assigned for hearing on October 4,

  The Atlanta Constitution, Wednesday, 24th September 1913. PAGE 1, COLUMN 4 Prominent Atlantans Are Elected Officers of This Jewish Charitable Organization. WITH FRANK IN JAIL HIGH HONOR PAID HIM His Re-Election Comes With Announcement That He Is Still Conducting Affairs of Pencil Company. At the recent elections of the Jewish Order of B'nai B'rith, Leo M. Frank, president, was unanimously chosen as head of the order again, and a number of prominent Atlanteans were selected to fill the more important offices. Among them are: Arthur Heyman, of Dorsey, Brewater, Howell & Heyman, vice president; Milton Klein, monitor; Dr. B.

The Atlanta Constitution,Friday, 26th September 1913.PAGE 5, COLUMN 1Blakely Men in DepositionsDeny That Juryman HensleeMade Statements Attributed to Him.That Atticus H. Henslee, the ventriloquist on the Frank jury, did not discuss with them Leo M. Frank's connection with the murder of Mary Phagan, or make any remarks about what he would do in case should he be placed on the jury, was the sworn statement of L. E. Blac and Walter Thomas, two citizens of Blakely, Ga., whose depositions were filled in superior court by Attorneys Reuben R. Arnold and L. Z. Rosser for the defense.It was stated recently that

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 27th September 1913,PAGE 3, COLUMN 1.Chief J. L. Beavers in No Immediate Danger of Recall,DeclaresMayor James G. Woodward.Mayor James G. Woodward, leader of Atlantas charter reform advocates, is of the opinion that the adoption of the recall amendment to the city charter does not place Police Chief J. L. Beavers in immediate jeopardy.The mayor characterizes all the talk that the recall was aimed at the police chief and that Beavers would be the first victim as all bosh.Beavers is in no more danger of being recalled than any other city official, the mayor said.in the first place

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 27th September 1913.PAGE 5, COLUMN 3Prominent Attorneys Are PlacedUnder Bonds of $200 forCourthouse Difficulty.Burton Smith and Reuben R. Arnold, prominent Atlanta attorneys, the later president of the Bar association, were indicted for assault and battery yesterday by the Fulton County grand jury and are held under $200 bonds each.The fight which brought about the indictment occurred May 22, when depositions were being taken in the fight to break the will of the late Joshua B. Crawford. Attorneys Smith and Arnold were representing the widow, whom it has since been charged poisoned her husband, and C. W. Walton

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 28th September 1913.PAGE 69, COLUMN 3Fears Are Entertained by HerFamily and Friends NewEvidence Discovered.Grieving over the death of her daughter, Mary Phagan, who was found murdered in the National Pencil factory, and for whose death Leo M. Frank has been sentenced to hang, the condition of Mrs. J. W. Coleman is causing grave fear among her friends.Physicians say that unless the load of sorrow is lifted early from her mind, she is likely to become subject to hysteria that would be fatal. Friends and relatives visit her constantly seeking, without avail, to console her and enliven her

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 1st October 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 3.Hearing for New Trial Set for Saturday. Dorsey May Ask for More Time.Announcement was made Tuesday by Attorney L. Z. Rosser,for Leo M. Frank, sentenced to hang October 10, for the murder ofMary Phagan, that the papers in the plea for a new trial would beserved today upon Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey. The hearingis set for Saturday and it is not known until the solicitor sees theplea whether he will be in a position to answer it on the date set.The defense has worked on its case and those who knowsomething

The Atlanta Constitution,Thursday, 2nd October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 7.Hearing Is SetBefore JudgeRoan NextSaturday, ButIt Is Believed theSolicitorWill AskPostponement.TWO JURORSATTACKEDIN RETRIALPETITIONHenslee and JohenningDe-clared Prejudiced"Objectto Alleged IllegalEvidenceand toDemonstrations.Charging that two members of the jury, Henslee andJohenning, were biased and prejudiced against the defendant;that Judge L.S. Roan admitted illegal evidence, prejudicial to thedefendant, and that the popular applause from time to time, inand outside of the courthouse, influenced the jury and made itimpossible for them to give him a fair trial, attorneys for Leo M.Frank, convicted of the murder of Mary Phagan, have preparedtheir amended motion for a new trial. The hearing is

The Atlanta Constitution,Friday, 3rd October 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 1.Dorsey Expected toProduceAffidavits, DenyingJurors'Alleged Bias AgainstFrank.Postponement Seen.The hearing of the motion for a new trial made by attorneysfor Leo M. Frank, convicted slayer of Mary Phagan, which isscheduled to come up Saturday, will likely be postponed twoweeks. The delay will probably come following a request ofSolicitor Hugh M. Dorsey, who, although struggling through thedefense's brief as rapidly as possible, will not be ready to proceedat that time, as he is now in the midst of digesting and answeringthe 115 objections made by the convicted man's lawyers.It will take me from now oh

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 4th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 1.Many SealedDepositions AreFiled With DeputyClerkAssailing A. H.Henslee andMarcus Johenning.SPARTA CITIZENSSAYHENSLEEPREJUDICEDMembers of Jury Denyin In-dignant Terms ThatAny ofTheir Number WasBiasedIn Any Way.That one of the Sparta, Ga., citizens whose affidavits are nowsealed and lying in the safe of the clerk of the superior court, didmake the statement that A. H. Henslee had declared that hebelieved Frank guilty and would like to see him hang, was thestatement made last night by another citizen of the Hancockcounty seat.The exact contents of the affidavits which were made beforeJ. W. Lewis, of Sparta, by three of the

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 5th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 4.Attacked Frank JurorBrandsAs False theCharges MadeAgainst Him inSeveral Af-fidavits.In answer to several of the affidavits claiming that atspecified times and places he made declarations of belief in theguilt of Leo M. Frank, whom he later as a juror voted guilty of themurder of Mary Phagan. A. H. Henslee is understood to bepreparing copies of orders to his firm by which he tends to showthat he was in another part of the state at the time he is allegedto have made the remarks about Frank's part in the murder.Mr. Henslee has given the

The Atlanta Constitution,Monday, 6th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 2.You Said Frank WasGuil-Ty, They Tell Jurorin Let-Ter Sent to Him,and Fur-nish Copies to thePress.WEPRACTICALLYTRIEDHIM BEFORE THETRIALSay They Will NotAllowHenslee to CallThem LiarsTo Protect HimselfFromCriticism HeDeserved.Declaring that they had practically tried Leo M. Frank forthe murder of Mary Phagan before the case was called, the threemen who made affidavits against A. H. Henslee, a Frank juror,charging him with bias, yesterday mailed a sensational letter tothe Atlanta newspapers, presenting their side of the case. Thewriters of the letter are John M. Holmes, of Holmes & Walker, aninsurance and buggy firm, S. M. Johnson,

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 7th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 2.Made His RemarksAboutLeo Frank After TrialandNot Before, SaysJuror Ac-cused of Prejudice.A. H. Henslee, juror in the Frank case, who has beendeclared prejudiced against the prisoner in a number of affidavitsfled with the clerk of the superior court, yesterday sent thefollowing letter to The Constitution, in which he denies many ofthe statements made by Messrs, Holmes, Johnson and Gray, ofSparta, Ga.Editor The Constitution: Replying to your article in today'sissue, October 6, in reference to Messrs. Holmes Johnson andGray. I will say I am sorry to think that they would go ahead andmake such

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 8th October 1913,PAGE 9, COLUMN 3.Generally Believed That Solicitor Hugh M. Dorsey Will Announce Ready Then.That Solicitor Hugh M. Dorsey, now studying the case in Valdosta, will announce ready when the hearing for a new trial for Leo M. Frank is called Saturday before JudgeL. S. Roan, is the belief among courthouse attaches.When the solicitor and his assistant, E. A. Stephens, left Saturday for Valdosta, both made it appear that the week was to be devoted to the case and from their remarks,the believe became general that they believed that by devoting all their time to the

The Atlanta Constitution,Thursday, 9th October 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 4.Frank Hearing Will Be Postponed Until the Solicitor Is Ready to Make Answer to PetitionJudge L. S. Roan stated last night when informed by The Constitution of Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey's desire to postpone the hearing for a new trial for Leo M. Frankthat he would grant the postponement without causing the solicitor to appear in person Saturday morning and request the delay. Attorney Luther Z. Rosser, counsel for theconvicted man, stated that he would be willing, he believed, for the solicitor to have more time if he needed it. The

The Atlanta Constitution,Friday, 10th October 1913,PAGE 3, COLUMN 5.Dorsey Notified at Valdosta That He Need Not Come To Atlanta.The hearing of a motion for a new trial for Leo M. Frank, setfor Saturday, has been postponed for another week. Judge L. S.Roan, of the Stone Mountain circuit, received Solicitor GeneralHugh M. Dorsey's request for a postponement yesterday andnotified him that he would grant it without causing the solicitor tobe present in court Saturday in person.Frank, who was convicted during the last days of August,after a trial of nearly a month for the murder of Mary Phagan, wassentenced to hang today

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 11th October 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 2.Thirty-five applicants have signified their willingness to beappointed to the five judgeships of the new municipal courtlegalized by the last legislature. This fact became known Fridaywhen it was determined that the new judges of the municipalcourt would be named by the judges of the municipal court wouldbe named by the judges of the Fulton county superior court sosoon as Judge Ben Hill his new duties. He will take the superiorcourt bench when the Frank re-trial motion is disposed of beforeJudge L. S. Roan.We face a hard task in making the selection of

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 12th October 1913,PAGE 21, COLUMN 1.Solicitor General Is Now Preparing for Leo M. Frank's Hearing on Retrial Petition.Valdosta, Ga., October 11."(Special.) Juror A. H. Henslee,who has been the storm center in the Frank case during the lastten days, and who is so bitterly assailed by the defense in themotion for a new trial, was in the city today in conference withSolicitor Hugh Dorsey, who is here preparing the state's answersto the motion. Mr. Henslee was closeted last this afternoon withMessrs. Dorsey, E. A. Stephens and Spurlin, the latter official courtreporter in this circuit, who was taking depositions

The Atlanta Constitution,Monday, 13th October 1913,PAGE 3, COLUMN 2.MRS. JESSIE B. GWINN.Mrs. Jessie Brock Gwinn, who has found that wealth andautomobiles to not always make a girl happy, and who longs forthe fianc who is not wealthy, instead of the husband who is, saton her front porch for just about two minutes Sunday afternoon.She had consented to pose for a pleture. It seemed to thephotographer that the attractive little blonde head would turn thisway and that every second and that he had to snap his picturesbetween movements.The neighbors just seem head over heels in curiosity andthey won't let me come

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 14th October 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 5.Generally Believed That Solicitor Will Ask Continuance of Leo Frank Hearing.That Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey, who has been inValdosta for a week with E. A. Stephens, his assistant, devotinghimself to preparing a reply to the motion for a new trial for LeoM. Frank, will return on Thursday or Friday, of this week, was thestatement made in a letter he sent to Atlanta yesterday. Thesolicitor does not state whether or not he will be prepared to replyto the defense on Saturday, when the case will be called, but it isbelieved that he

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 15th October 1913,PAGE 15, COLUMN 4.Solicitor and HisAssistant WillDevote Rest of Week toLeo M. Frank Case.Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey is due to arrive at 7:35o'clock this morning and it is said will devote the remainder ofthe week to work in Atlanta on the reply to the plea of Leo M.Frank for a new trial.Mr. Dorsey, with E. A. Stephens, his assistant, has been inValdosta for over ten days studying the situation and during thattime has been in consultation with A. H. Henslee, one of thetwelve men who convicted Frank of the murder of Mary Phagan,and who,

The Atlanta Constitution,Thursday, 16th October 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 1.Will Be PracticallyImpossibleFor Him to AnswerFrank'sPetition onSaturday.Renewed activities on the part of the defense of Leo M.Frank, convicted of the murder of Mary Phagan, were apparentWednesday, coincident with the return to Atlanta of SolicitorGeneral Hugh M. Dorsey and his announcement for him to beready by Saturday to reply to the motion for a new trial.It is stated upon apparently good authority that theattorneys defending the young factory superintendent areprosecuting their work in several other cities, but it is not knownwhether this is for the purpose of securing affidavits attacking athird juror, or

The Atlanta Constitution,Friday, 17th October 1913,PAGE 2, COLUMN 1.The proposed conference between Solicitor General Hugh M.Dorsey and Attorney Leonard Haas, representing the defense ofLeo M. Frank, whose motion for a new hearing is expected to betaken up next Wednesday, did not take place yesterday, due tothe late arrival from Valdosta of the record in the case.The two attorneys are expected to meet today. There are anumber of points to be gone over, and it is expected that certainpoints claimed by the state to be errors in the plea will be agreedupon one way or the other out of court.It is

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 18th October 1913,PAGE 9, COLUMN 2.Before That TimeSolicitor Dor-sey Expects to HaveCon-cluded FrankHearing.That the criminal division of superior court will start onMonday week and the general work of that division be resumedwas the statement made yesterday by Solicitor General Hugh M.Dorsey, who expects to finish the motion for a new trial for Leo M.Frank before that time.Judge Ben H. Hill, recently appointed to the Fulton bench andwho is expected to occupy the criminal division, will probably takehis place in the Fulton courts by that time and begin the trial ofthe numerous cases which have been kept waiting

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 19th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMNS 1 AND 6.HE WILL TELLWHOCOMMITTEDCRIMEON ARRIVALHEREMakes Statement to Chief ofBirmingham Policeand Catches Train at Midnightfor Atlanta inCompany With Detective"Prominent CitizenSlew girl, He Says, But It WasNot Frank.By L. W. Friedman.Birmingham, Ala., October 18"(Special.)"A Birmingham manwho says he was an eyewitness to the murder of Mary Phagan inAtlanta, and who asserts positively that Leo M. Frank is not guilty,left here at midnight tonight for Atlanta in company with thedetective sent to Birmingham by Sheriff Mangum, of Fultoncounty.This man, whose name has not been given out here, worksin Birmingham, and is a respectable citizen,

The Atlanta Constitution,Monday, 20th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMNS 1 AND 6.DETECTIVES KEEP ALL NIGHT VIGIL IN ORDER TO ARREST HIMPAGE 1, COLUMN 6Witness Is AtlantaManWho Says HeLeft CityOn Account ofThreatsI. W. Fisher, Formerly a RailroadEmployeeHere, Upon His Arrival in Atlanta, IsRushedto the Office of Luther Rosser inGrant Build-ing and Has Remained There forMany HoursWhile Detectives and ReportersWait Out-side for Him to Leave.MAN HE ACCUSES IS STILL INATLANTA;HAS WIFE AND TWOCHILDREN IN CITYRepresentatives of Pencil FactorySuperinten-dent Are Now Engaged in ProbingStory Toldby Fisher and in InvestigatingRecord andActions of Man Who, According toWitness,Is Guilty of the Atrocious Murder ofPrettyLittle Mary Phagan.All night

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 22nd October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 4.Only Sheriff andOfficers ofHis Force Talked toMem-Bers of the FrankJury During Trial.To the thirty-odd affidavits made public yesterday in theexchange of affidavits between the state and the defense in theLeo M. Frank motion, which comes up today, several new oneswere added Tuesday afternoon by the state. The additionalaffidavits were from the various deputy sheriffs and bailiffs andwere denials that anyone but officers of the court had talked tothe Frank jurors.The state has prepared affidavits from the various jurors inwhich they declare that only the legal evidence influenced themand also deny that they

The Atlanta Constitution,Thursday, 23rd October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 2.Tried and Convictedby theCourtroomSpectators andNot by the Judge andJury,Declares Rosser.TODAY'S HEARINGMAYLAST UNTILMIDNIGHTFight Is Bitter OverConley'sTestimony, DefenseDeclar-ing That It ShouldNeverHave BeenConsidered.Declaring that the crowd and not the judge and jury triedand convicted Leo M. Frank of the murder of Mary Phagan, LutherRosser, senior counsel for the prisoner, yesterday urged the manydemonstrations for the solicitor general as sufficient reason whythe convicted superintendent should have another trial.This was, however, but one of the forty grounds arguedWednesday when the hearing began before Judge Roan in a littleanteroom in the state library at the capitol. As 115

The Atlanta Constitution,Friday, 24th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 2.Evidence AgainstJurorsHenslee andJohenning theMost Important ToBeIntroduced.ATTITUDE OFCROWDSWILL BESTRESSEDVerdict in Trial WasDelayedfor Two Days onAccountof Fear of MobViolence,Roan Admits.It developed Thursday during Frank hearing for a new trialthat the verdict in the original trial was delayed two days for fearof mob violence to the accused man.Also, that Judge Roan was prevailed upon by the editors ofthe three Atlanta newspapers, militia, officials and the chief ofpolice to make this move of continuance. It was feared if theverdict was submitted on the trial's final Saturday, during whichday the crowds were largest, that violence might result.During

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 25th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 1.Leo M. Frank Convicted, HeDeclares, by Prejudice andNot by the Evidence GivenIn Case.HIS TRIAL IS COMPAREDTO RITUAL MURDER CASELeo M. Frank Convicted, HeDeclares, by Prejudice andNot by the Evidence Givenin Case.HIS TRIAL IS COMPAREDTO RITUAL MURDER CASEScratch Beneath the Surfaceand You Will Find ParallelWith the Russian Trial,Arnold Tells Judge Roan.Reuben Arnold, associate counsel for the defense, declared in his argument Friday for a new trial, that the trial of Leo Frank would teach the entire universe a lesson against prejudice, and that civilization was horrified at the miserable example of his clients

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 26th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 1.Believing Their ClientWillSecure AnotherChance,Lawyers DeclareSavannahDesirable Place.WITH BITTERSARCASMRUBE ARNOLDARRAIGNSPROSECUTION'STACTICSAttributes Conviction toRacePersecution, BiasedJuryAnd CorruptWitnesses.Dorsey Next, ThenHooperRosser Concludes.So confident are they of success in their efforts to gain a newtrial, counsel for Leo M. Frank's defense already are lookingforward to savannah as the city in which to stage the anticipatedsecond arraignment of their client.The defense was in high spirits yesterday afternoon over theforce and strength of Mr. Arnold's second-day argument beforeJudge Roan, in the state library. Upon adjournment at 4 o'clock inthe afternoon Messrs. Arnold and Rosser left the capitol, franklyexpressing their expectation of securing

The Atlanta Constitution,Monday, 27th October 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 1.Hearing for New Trialfor LeoM. Frank WillProbably BeConcluded onWednesdayMorning.Attorney Reuben Arnold, associate counsel for the defense ofLeo Frank, who is making a masterful argument for a new trial forhis client, was asked shortly after the adjournment of his speechSaturday, if he had any idea of the time he would finish:Not the slightest, he answered smilingly. I've just startedgood.From which is drawn the conclusion that he will occupy alarge part of today in his speech. At the conclusion, AttorneyFrank Hooper, who assisted Solicitor Dorsey in Frank'sprosecution, will make the first speech for the

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 28th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 2.Attorney for DefenseWantedRemarks TakenDown inShorthand to ShowChil-Dren, Says FrankHooper.NEW TRIAL FORFRANKSLAP IN FACEOF JURYSolicitor General SaysGrant-ing Ruling Asked byDe-fense Would ShatterLawsof the State.Telling Judge Roan at the Frank hearing yesterday afternoonthat if a new trial was granted the convicted man, the presidingjustice would establish a precedent that would shake the laws ofthe state and eventually shutter the jury system of Georgia,Solicitor Hugh M. Dorsey began his argument at 3 o'clock.Talk about trembling for fear of the law, he said, talkabout farces"why, if you establish the kind of precedent whichthe defense ask you

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 29th October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 3.Advises Lawyer forDefenseto Take Purgative toRidHis System of Someof ItsMiasma.DIRTY TACTICSCHARGEDBY SOLICITORGENERALDorsey's Speech IsConcluded.Rosser Will MakeAddressToday and the CaseThenGoes to the Judge.With a blistering attack upon Rube Arnold, in which theattorney was accused not only of deliberate falsehoods, but ofhaving lost through his activity in the Frank case the publicesteem and appreciation of the people of Georgia, SolicitorGeneral Hugh M. Dorsey concluded his stirring argument in theFrank hearing late yesterday afternoon.Mr. Arnold has made charges against me and against JudgeRoan that are deliberate falsehoods. He happens not to be in theroom at

  The Atlanta Constitution, Thursday, 30th October 1913, PAGE 1, COLUMN 1. Luther, Rosser Concludes Ar- gument by Bitter Attack on Juror A. H. Henslee and Witness Jim Conley. JUDGE WILL ANNOUNCE DECISION NEXT FRIDAY Hearing of Argument for New Trial Was One of Longest In Legal Annals of State, Lasting Seven Days. The hearing for a new trial for Leo M. Frank came to a close at 5 o'clock yesterday afternoon. At 9 o'clock Friday morning Judge Roan will announce his decision. It was reserved at the close of the final session in order for the judge to consider

The Atlanta Constitution,Friday, 31st October 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 4.Both Sides AreConfident inFrank New TrialHearing.The DocumentsAre Ex-amined.Whether or not Leo M. Frank will be granted a new trial byJudge L. S. Roan, his trial justice, will be known this morning at 9o'clock, when Hugh M. Dorsey, solicitor general, and counsel forthe defense will be notified of the decision.No intimation has been given of the judge's attitude. Therewas an air of expectation throughout Thursday in the camps ofboth the defense and prosecution. Each anticipates victory.During the morning, representatives of both sides gathered withJudge Roan to consider a number of documents and attachsignatures

The Atlanta Constitution,Monday, 1st December 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 2.Treat Arranged for Visitors by Seventeenth Infantry Next Wednesday Afternoon.WINECOFF AIDS.Frank Harrell, lessae of the Winecoff hotel, last night notified The Constitution that he would provide rooms at his hotel for twenty of the corn club boys.Mrs. Harrell stated that he was very glad to be able to help the chamber of commerce care for the youths who are doing so much toward the betterment of agricultural conditions in Georgia.There's hardly a boy in the land to whom the sight of soldiers marching and the sound of martial music is not entrancing,

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 2nd December 1913,PAGE 6, COLUMN 5.Clarence Collins, formerly an assistant superintendent on the construction work at the new Healy building, who was placed on trial Monday, before Judge Ben Hill, in the criminal division of the superior court, on a charge of having murdered Calvin Maddox, a negro employee, will probably know his fate by nightfall.The case is expected to reach the jury late today.Only witnesses for the state were heard Monday.It is believed that when Collins takes the stand today to make a statement, he will plead self-defense.Collins is charged with striking the negro with an

The Atlanta Constitution,Thursday, 4th December 1913,PAGE 9, COLUMN 2.The jury, which, for the past three days, has been hearing the evidence against Clarence Collins, the white man charged with the murder of a negro employee at the Hurt building, returned a verdict of not guilty, late Wednesday, in Judge Ben Hill's division of the superior court.Collins was indicted by the grand jury who swore that he had beaten a negro over the head with an iron crow bar.The jury evidently believed Collins' story on the stand that the negro was struct accidentally.Thursday, 4th December 1913: Collins Is Freed Of Murder

The Atlanta Constitution,Friday, 5th December 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 2.Minimum of $50, 000Is Set For Luncheon at Noon on SaturdaySize of Committees to Be Increased.SOME OGLETHORPE FACTS.Oglethorpe canvassing committees reported $5,741 more raised Thursday.The total for the four days'Campaign so far is $41,786.50.The average subscription to date, including all of the Atlanta subscribers, is $300.The committees have set $50,000 as the minimum aggregate of the fund to be reported by Saturday.A minimum of $50,000 is the figure set by the canvassing committees for the Oglethorpe university at the Saturday noon luncheon.This minimum does not include any large subscriptions, but just the

  The Atlanta Constitution, Saturday, 6th December 1913, PAGE 6, COLUMN 5. While Beavers Considers Letter a Joke, Hollingsworth Can't Appreciate It. Not so very long ago, Detective John Hollingsworth, of Chief Lanford's staff at headquarters, was frisked of $63 by a pick-pocket while the detective was helping a number of his relatives aboard an out-going train. Hollingsworth immediately reported the case to headquarters, seeking to apprehend the pick-pocket and to recover the $62. Owing to this fact, the happening was given considerable publicity. Chief Beavers, on Friday, received the following communication from persons signing themselves "Crook, Yegg, Blackhand, Etc."

The Atlanta Constitution,Sunday, 7th December 1913,PAGE 10, COLUMN 1.Mrs. Hattie Barnett, the state's only licensed female detective.In the first picture, she is shown examining evidence in with her assistant, Miss Emma Wright.The next picture is of Mrs. Barnett in street clothes.The bottom cut is one of Miss Wright's best poses.The sketches show the different attitudes in which a woman detective is likely to be seen any day.By Britt Craig.In yellowback fiction, the heroine of the female detective story usually springs from concealment in a walnut cabinet, throws a brace of pearl-handled automatics in the face of the wrong doer and

The Atlanta Constitution,Monday, 8th December 1913,PAGE 3, COLUMN 6.Chief James L. Beavers delivered a striking address on civic reforms in the tabernacle at Toccoa yesterday morning.The event was attended by a large crowd.The theme of the famous policeman's speech was the power of reform, and the results it had obtained in Atlanta.He dwelt extensively on the necessity of reform to a municipality.He referred to that part of his career as police chief, in which he had been branded "A Miss Nancy" by a city hall official."This man who called me Miss Nancy," spoke the chief, "has since learned that my

The Atlanta Constitution,Tuesday, 9th December 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 2.Joe Moore, a youth, was sentenced to ten days in the stockade Monday afternoon by Recorder Broyles for alleged criminal mendicancy.He was arrested on Marietta Street Saturday night by Policeman Covington, who testified that, although Moore had been soliciting alms with a deaf and dumb sign on his breast, he had been caught talking to Detective Rosser.Moore, it was stated, went into a Marietta Street saloon following the alleged conversation with the detective.He extended a pad which contained the writing:"I am deaf and dumb. Please contribute.""Better beat it, bo! That was a

The Atlanta Constitution,Wednesday, 10th December 1913,PAGE 1, COLUMN 3.Chief BeaversWantedJ. W. Barfield Made a Sergeant When Office of Roundsmen Was Abolished.CHAIRMAN MASON LEADS FIGHT AGAINST OFFICERChargesDissension Has Existed in Department as Result of His Administration.He Drops to Patrolman.The police board exploded a bomb last night when Chief Beavers' recommendation of J. W. Barfield, head of the vice squad, for a sergeancy, was turned down by a vote of eight to three.Barfield has been considered one of the chief's most valuable lieutenants in the department's noted vice crusade.He was in charge of the plain clothes "vice squad," having served in that

The Atlanta Constitution,Thursday, 11th December 1913,PAGE 9, COLUMN 4.MRS.HUGH WILLET.General chairman in charge of work of selling Red Cross seals for benefit of campaign against tuberculosis.Mrs. C. H. Booth, of Ponce de Leon apartments, and her enthusiastic corps of workers set a pace yesterday on opening day of the sales of the Red Cross Christmas seals that other chairmen and their assistants will have hard work keeping up with.From reports made last night, which were not complete, the first day's sale will total between $350 and $400.Mrs. Booth was quite confident last night that when she had received reports form

The Atlanta Constitution,Friday, 12th December 1913,PAGE 7, COLUMN 6.Judge Roan's Ruling Is Severely Criticized in Appeal to Supreme Court for New TrialJudge L. S. Roan's ruling in the Frank case was severely criticized in the brief which Frank's attorneys will file with the supreme court today.It is charged that Judge Roan refused to grant the defendant a new trial when he himself admitted that he was in doubt as to his guilt.The brief was presented to Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey Thursday.The brief of the evidence has also been completed and the attorneys will be in readiness to begin anew

The Atlanta Constitution,Saturday, 13th December 1913,PAGE 5, COLUMN 3.State's Brief Filed Friday, and Case Up for Argument Monday Before Supreme Court.Severe as was the criticism of Judge L. S. Roan, made by the attorneys for Leo M. Frank in their brief filed with the clerk of the supreme court yesterday, it is met by criticism equally as sharp from Solicitor General Hugh Dorsey in his brief, which will be filed today.Mr. Dorsey's brief is not printed and is not near so long as that filed by the defendant's attorneys, which covers 389 printed pages.In speaking of Judge Roan's expression of